Translation
RNA processing
Regulation of Gene Expression
Mutations
Special!!
400
This enzyme is responsible for attaching amino acids to tRNA
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
400
The three RNAs
What is mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?
400
The physical process that gives an organism its shape during cell specialization
What is morphogenesis?
400
How mutation changes phenotype
By changing the genotype
400
What type of biotechnology is used to determine and study evolutionary relationships and compare species?
What is DNA Sequencing?
800
The stop codons.
What are UAA, UAG, and UGA?
800
_RNA brings the DNA to the ribosome, __RNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome, and __RNA forms the ribosome.
Hint: The full word of the acronym. You don't need to say RNA, just the full word of the first letter.
What is MESSENGER, TRANSFER, and RIBOSOMAL?
800
The on/off switch that determines whether or not transcription will take place based on environmental and internal cues
What is the Operator?
800
This condition is a result of a nondisjuction mutation in Trisomy 21.
What is Down Syndrome?
800
This is the term for programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
1200
Original strand: 3'-UACCGGTAAUAA-5'
5'-AUGGCCAUUAUU-3'
vs
Mutated: 3'-UACTTATAAUAA-5'
5'-AUGAAUAUUAUU-3'
Using the codon chart, find the substitution mutation that resulted in the coding of a different protein.
What is Ala to Asn?
1200
The reason why THIS occurs is because a single gene can code for more than one kind of polypeptide
What is splicing?
1200
The process of cells becoming specialized in their structure and function during cell division.
What is differentiation?
1200
In the natural world, these kinds of mutations are rarely beneficial for the animal.
What are neutral and harmful mutations?
1200
This type of diagram is the universal code that RNA translates for. It contains 64 combinations and has three stop codes and one start codon.
What is the codon chart?
1600
tRNA is complementary and antiparallel to this
What is mRNA?
1600
This end of the pre-mRNA receives a modified guanine nucleotide cap
What is the 5' cap?
1600
This explains why one identical twin may inherit a disease why the other does not.
What is epigenetic inheritance?
1600
How polyploidy affects plants
What is sterility?
1600
A PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies DNA through these three steps. Name the steps.
Step 1: ____ - Heats the DNA
Step 2: ____ - Primers bind to specific sequences and choose what gets copied
Step 3: ____ - DNAP III adds nucleotides to build a new strand
What is denaturing, annealing, and extension?
2000
This has three sites:
A site: amino acid site
P site: polypeptide site
E site: exit site
What are ribosomes?
2000
This term defines as that the codons on the mRNA must be read in the correct groupings to synthesize the correct proteins. If there is a movement by even one letter, the outcome will be completely different.
What is the reading frame?
2000
Eukaryotic gene expression can be on/off in these two ways.
What is histone acetylation and DNA methylation?
EC for 200pts: Explain both of them.
Histone acetylation: loosens DNA
DNA methylation: causes chromatin to condense
2000
How mutations "contribute" to natural selection.
What is selection from existing variation?
2000
All of the ways biotechnology is used. Name all of them.
What are analyze DNA, amplify DNA, manipulate DNA, and compare DNA samples?