6.1& 6.3
6.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
100
The products of meiosis are:
What is, four genetically different cells
100
What are the base pairing rules for DNA are:
What is, thymine pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine.
100
A three base sequence on mRNA is known as a/an:
What is a codon
100
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction, compared to sexual reproduction?
populations to have less genetic diversity
100
What technique is used to insert a beneficial gene into a person’s genome?
what is gene splicing
200
A human gamete that has 24 chromosomes, instead of the normal 23, is a product of:
What is, nondisjunction
200
The monomers of DNA are:
What is, nucleotides
200
Which molecule should never leave the nucleus
What is DNA
200
List 3 eukaryotes
animals, plants, and fungi
200
What technique is used to produce a genetically identical cell or organism?
what is cloning
300
Explain how mitosis ensures that the new cells produced are exact clones.
What is, During mitosis, the sister chromatids all line up in the middle of the cell and are pulled to opposite ends to ensure that each new cell gets one of every chromosome. No crossing over occurs during mitosis and both daughter cells are also diploid.
300
What holds the nitrogenous bases together in the middle of the DNA double helix?
What is, Hydrogen Bonds
300
Which type of mutation does not have an effect on the protein produced?
What is silent mutation
300
The fertilized egg, an animal’s first cell is referred to as a:
What is a zygote
300
An organism that has genes from another organism is a:
what is a transgenic organism
400
Normal somatic cells are ____ and mitosis produces ______ cells.
What is, diploid; diploid
400
Explain how the enzymes helicase and DNA polymerase allow DNA to replicate.
What is, Helicase will break the hydrogen bonds to “unzip” the DNA molecule. DNA polymerase builds a new strand of DNA using one of the original strands as a template.
400
Using epigenetics, explain why identical twins look less similar as they get older.
Epigenetics affects the phenotype of an organism without changing their original DNA. Environmental factors and the different choices a person might make throughout their lives (diet, fitness level, smoking, etc) may turn genes on or off, which can cause differences in the phenotype of a person.
400
Identify two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.
The offspring produced from sexual reproduction are genetically different from both parents, so if there was an unfavorable trait, it may not be passed on. Sexual reproduction leads to increased genetic diversity which can be beneficial in changing environments.
400
Identify two examples of GMO’s (genetically modified organisms).
Corn, cotton, soybeans, golden rice, etc.
500
Identify two ways in which meiosis can lead to genetic variation within a family.
Crossing over during prophase I causes increased genetic variation because genetic material from homologous pairs are exchanged. During metaphase, homologous pairs and sister chromatids will randomly assort which causes different chromosomes to end up in different gametes. The gametes end up with half the normal number of chromosomes so that fertilization will combine those chromosomes with the chromosomes of another parent.
500
Identify the parts of DNA that are the exact same from person to person.
What is, Everyone has the same basic parts: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine)
500
Explain why a frameshift mutation can have such a large impact on a protein.
A frameshift mutation occurs when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence. This causes a shift in the mRNA codons and will potentially change every single codon after the place where the mutation occurred. This will have severe effects on the resulting protein.
500
Identify the differences between identical and fraternal twins.
Identical twins are produced from one sperm and one egg cell. During the early stages of cell division, the embryo divides into two separate embryos that have the same DNA. The embryos develop inside of the same placenta, but two different amniotic sacs. Fraternal twins are produced from two separate sperm and two separate eggs. They have different DNA. The embryos develop in different placentas and different amniotic sacs.
500
Explain how DNA fingerprints are used by forensic scientists.
DNA fingerprints use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into strips. These strips are different lengths and travel at different speeds through a gel. When they settle, a DNA fingerprint is made. This can be compared to previous DNA samples to try to narrow down a suspect, prove someone innocent, or check for relation.