Enzymes
used in transcription to produce mRNA
RNA polymerase
Where are the hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule?
Between nitrogenous bases. Joins the two strands of DNA together.
This RNA based enzyme removes introns from the pre-mRNA
splicesome
region where the rna polymerase binds
the promoter
Describe the structural components of a virus
protein shell and DNA or RNA
unwinds DNA to prepare for DNA replication
DNA helicase
Between which two molecules do covalent bonds exist in a DNA molecule and what is this bond called?
The sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another. Phosphodiester bond
Which does a deletion mutation affect the protein more than a point replacement mutation?
because it alters the reading frame and could change nearly every codon
region where the repressor binds
operator
A virus that uses cell machinary to make DNA from its own RNA
retrovirus
Used to link okazaki fragments. Utilized in genetic recombination for "pasting" or "fusing" genes into plasmids
DNA Ligase
Why is there a lagging strand in DNA replication?
Because nucleotides can only be added to the 3 prime end and the strands are anti-parallel so one strand must be synthesized one piece at a time
How can one gene make more than 1 polypeptide?
Alternative RNA splicing, introns can become exons
A molecule that binds to and affects the repressor
inducer
Mad cow disease is caused by these infectious proteins that negatively interact with and affect the functioning of other proteins
prions
Enzymes that cut DNA. Sometimes used by bacteria to destroy viral DNA
Restriction Enzymes
To avoid losing terminal genes each time DNA is copied caps are added. What are the caps called?
Telomeres
added to mRNA after transcription, before translation
in eukaryotes CH4 groups is added which cause DNA to be more tightly packaged which reduces gene expression. What is this called?
DNA methylation
genetic recombination requires these 2 enzymes
Enzyme that transcribes DNA from RNA template
Reverse Transcriptase
What does it mean that DNA replication is semi-conservative.
Its means the resulting DNA has one strand that is original and one strand that is newly synthesized
Name a function of the 5 prime cap and the poly A tail.
facilitate export of mRNA from nucleus, protect RNA, facilitate attachment to ribosome
Name a way in which gene expression can be reduced after transription.
-controlled degradation of RNA
-controlled activation or degradation of proteins
What are the 3 steps to PCR
denaturation, annealing, and extension