Genomes
This term refers to the complete set of an organism’s DNA, including all of its genes.
Genome
Why is gel electrophoresis called what it is?
It refers to the movement of charged molecules through the gel when an electric current is applied.
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The group of replicated DNA molecules is known as a __________.
What is DNA fingerprinting/profiling?
DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.
It compares specific regions of DNA that vary greatly among people, making each person’s DNA profile almost unique.
What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?
Map and sequence all of the DNA in the human genome, identifying all of the genes and understanding their locations and functions.
What are the indentations at the end of the matrix where you insert the DNA called?
Wells
What does PCR produce?
Millions of copies of a specific DNA segment from a small starting sample.
DNA fragments are inserted into specialized chromosome-like carriers called __________.
Which type of polymorphism is used most frequently in DNA fingerprinting because it is so highly polymorphic?
SNPs
Digestion is the process of cutting DNA into chunks. These chunks are called what?
Restriction Fragments
What is the main difference between the bands in each individual lane?
Size
Put the following steps in the correct order: hybridization, denaturation, polymerization.
Denaturation, hybridization, polymerization.
What is the combined carrier and DNA fragment called?
Recombinant DNA Molecule
What is the difference between a regular polymorphism and an anonymous polymorphism?
Regular polymorphism: A DNA sequence variation that may be linked to a gene with a known function.
Anonymous polymorphism: A DNA sequence variation with no known effect on gene function.
How do the cellular components that cut DNA know where to cut?
They look for specific DNA sequences.
__________ DNAs will travel greater distances from the wells than __________ DNAs.
Smaller ; larger.
What occurs during the process of amplification?
Primers help DNA polymerase create new strands of DNA that match the original strands between the primers.
What are the simple, circular strands of DNA called?
Plasmids
They act as DNA Markers (DNA signposts)
What is used to cut DNA?
Restriction Enzymes
Describe in detail why the DNA moves through the gel.
DNA molecules have a phosphate backbone, which carries a negative charge.
This means DNA is repelled by the negative electrode (cathode) and attracted to the positive electrode (anode).
So, when an electric current is applied across the gel, DNA molecules are pulled toward the positive side.
How is PCR used in helping choose healthy embryos through what process?
Amniocentesis
What two kinds of DNA sequences must a carrier contain?
Origin of replication – allows the vector and inserted DNA to replicate.
Selectable marker – signals the vector’s presence in host cells.
What is CODIS and what does it stand for?
CODIS = Combined DNA Index System is the FBI’s DNA database that stores DNA profiles from forensic cases, convicted offenders, and missing persons.