Molecular Basis of Inheritance
These two components make up the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
What are deoxyribose sugar and phosphate?
This technique is used to amplify (make many copies of) a specific segment of DNA.
PCR
This enzyme binds to the promoter region to initiate transcription.
RNA polymerase.
In prokaryotes, this is a cluster of genes with a single promoter that can be turned on or off.
Operon.
This enzyme is responsible for "unzipping" the DNA double helix during replication.
Helicase.
These enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific, short recognition sites.
Restriction enzymes.
These are the three primary pre-mRNA modifications that occur in eukaryotes before the message leaves the nucleus.
5' cap, Poly-A tail, and splicing.
This specific protein binds to the operator to prevent transcription in an operon system.
Repressor.
Because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction, the lagging strand is synthesized in these short fragments.
Okazaki Fragments.
This technique separates DNA fragments based on their size and charge, with smaller fragments moving faster.
Gel electrophoresis.
This type of RNA molecule carries the amino acid to the ribosome and contains an anticodon.
tRNA.
This type of mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, shifting the reading frame of the mRNA.
Frameshift Mutation.
This enzyme joins Okazaki fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds.
DNA Ligase.
This is the name for a small, circular, extrachromosomal piece of DNA commonly used in bacterial transformation.
Plasmid.
The removal of introns and joining of exons is performed by this complex of snRNPs and proteins.
Spliceosome.
In eukaryotes, adding acetyl groups to histones loosens DNA, leading to this effect on gene expression.
Increased transcription OR "turning on" genes.
To describe the directionality of DNA, the 5' end contains a free phosphate group, while the 3' end contains this type of functional group.
hydroxyl group.
In the CRISPR-Cas9 system, this molecule is designed to guide the Cas9 enzyme to a specific sequence for editing.
Guide RNA/gRNA.
If the DNA template strand reads 3'-TAC-GCA-5', this is the resulting mRNA codon sequence.
5'-AUG-CGU-3'
This type of RNA interference (RNAi) molecule binds to mRNA and leads to its degradation or blocks its translation.