Molecular Genetics
A sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
What is a codon?
Usually off and turns on with an inducer; usually on and turns off with an active repressor.
What is the difference between inducible and repressible pathways?
DNA A-T, C-G; RNA A-U, C-G.
What are the base pairs in DNA and RNA?
DNA → RNA → Protein.
What is the central dogma?
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation.
What are types of chromosomal mutations?
A 3-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA.
What is an anticodon?
Proteins that block RNA polymerase at the operator.
What is the purpose of repressors?
DNA: A, T, C, G; RNA: A, U, C, G.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA bases?
Makes an identical copy of DNA before cell division.
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
Silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift.
What are types of point mutations?
Anticodon and amino acid attachment site
What are the two main parts of tRNA?
Group of genes controlled by one promoter/operator.
What is an operon?
Negative because of phosphate groups.
What is the charge of DNA?
Copy a gene from DNA into mRNA.
What is the purpose of transcription?
Insertions and deletions.
What are frameshift mutations?
Use a codon chart to translate mRNA codons into amino acids.
How do you determine amino acid sequence from mRNA?
Gene is always on if the repressor cannot attach.
What happens if a repressor cannot bind?
Pre-mRNA has introns; edited mRNA has introns removed.
What is the difference between pre-mRNA and edited mRNA?
Build a protein from mRNA.
What is the purpose of translation?
Changes one amino acid in the protein.
What is the result of a missense mutation?
mRNA.
Which nucleic acid contains codons?
Transcription does not occur if RNA polymerase cannot attach.
What happens if RNA polymerase cannot bind?
Translation starts at AUG; codons are read starting there.
What is the start codon?
Transcription: nucleus; Translation: ribosomes in cytoplasm.
Where do transcription and translation occur?
Look for the most matching band patterns on a gel.
How do you identify closely related specimens in gel electrophoresis?