Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA is a type of ____ which is made up of _____
nucleic acid, nucleotide
where does transcription occur in the cell?
nucleus
what is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in translation?
heads up - its simple don't overthink
carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
why is gene regulation important?
allows cells to control when and how much of a gene produces, such as a protein, is made.
what is gel electrophoresis?
the technique used to separate molecules based on their size and charge.
what are nucleotides made up of?
head's up: there's three answers
a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
what is the difference between the coding strand and the template strand?
Template strand - is the strand of DNA that is read by RNA polymerase to make the RNA transcript
what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
heads up: its also simple
bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome/ adds it to the growing protein chain.
what is positive regulation?
occurs when a regulatory protein, called an activator, binds to DNA and enhances the initiation of transcription.
what is PCR
the method that makes several copies of a DNA segment.
what is the difference, structure-wise, between purines and pyrimidines?
purines have one more ring than pyrimidines. purines have 2 while pyrimidines have 1
what is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
what is the function of ribosomes in translation?
to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to create a protein chain.
negative gene expression
when a regulatory protein, repressor, binds to DNA and inhibits the initiation of transcription.
sequencing
process of determining the order of nucleotide in DNA.
what is the difference between DNA and RNA?
heads up: there are 3 answer
DNA- has deoxyribose, double-stranded, one type
RNA - has ribose, single-stranded, 3 types(mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
differentiate between the promoter and the terminator region.
the promoter region is a DNA sequence that signals the strat of a gene and provide a binding site for RNA polymerase
terminator signals the end of a gene and causes RNA polymerase to detach form the DNA template
what is the diff between A site, P site, and E site.
A site - the location on the ribosome where the incoming (amino with a tRNA) binds to the protein chain
P site - where ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids.
E site - the location where the rRNA molecule is released from the ribosome after it has delivered its amino acid to the protein chain
histone acetylation
addition of an acetyl group to lysine residues on the tails of histone proteins, which are the proteins that package RNA into chromatin. make DNA more accessible t the transcriptional machinery.
what are the three types of mutation listed on the slides?
point mutation, small-scale mutation, and large-scale mutation.
what are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
Describe what happens at initiation, elongation, and termination.
intitiation- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA
elongation - RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the RNA chain
termination - RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene and stops transcription.
what is the role of initiation factors and release factors?
initiation factors help assemble the ribosome and start the translation. release factors recognize the stop codon and catalyze the release of the completed protein from the ribosome.
DNA methylation
addition of a methyl group to cytosine residues on DNA. make it more compact and less accessible to the transcriptional machinery.
as DNA samples are loaded into the gel, an electric current is then applied. as they are _____ ______ the stands move out.
negatively charged