DNA & DNA Replication
If 20% of a DNA sample is made of adenine nucleotides. What percentage would you expect to be thymine?
What is 20%?
Transcription occurs in the _____ of a eukaryotic cell?
What is the nucleus?
Translation occurs at this cell part.
What is the ribosome located in the cytoplasm or cytosol?
In bacteria, groups of structural and regulating genes that function as a subunit called __________ .
What are operons?
A form of regulation involves chromatin remodeling complex to push _______ aside to expose a gene for transcription.
What are histones (or nucleosomes)?
This structure is the basic unit of heredity and holds the code to make proteins.
What is a gene?
This type of RNA is synthesized during transcription.
What is mRNA?
What must an amino acid chain do before it becomes a functional protein?
What is fold?
The segment of DNA on an operon to which RNA polymerase binds.
What is the promoter?
These are the protein coding regions of pre-mRNA.
What is exons?
This enzyme unzips the double-stranded DNA during DNA Replication.
What is DNA Helicase?
When mRNA is synthesized, an adenine base of DNA would be paired with a ________ base of RNA.
What is uracil?
Codon charts are associated with what molecule?
What is mRNA?
The segment of DNA to which a repressor protein binds (inhibits transcription by obstructing RNA polymerase).
What is the operator?
Post-translational control occurs when functional proteins are "turned on" by this enzyme.
What are protein kinases?
This enzyme binds to an RNA primer and begins attaching free nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction during DNA replication.
What is DNA Polymerase?
This enzyme “reads” DNA and synthesizes mRNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
What is RNA Polymerase?
Which amino acid is associated with the START codon (AUG)?
What is Met?
This operon is usually "off", but can be turned "on" by a small molecule (inducer) that binds to the repressor.
What is an inducible operon? (ex. lac operon)
Post-transcriptional & translational control deals with the modification of pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus of a cell. What three (3) modifications occur?
Addition the 5’ cap, addition of the poly-A tail, and removal of introns.
These are short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously. This allows DNA polymerase to synthesize the lagging strand in segments, since it is not oriented correctly for continuous synthesis.
What are Okazaki fragments?
What would be the complementary strand of mRNA if DNA read "ATCG"?
What is "UAGC"?
Anticodons can be found on this molecule.
What is tRNA?
This type of operon is usually "on," but can be turned "off" when a small molecule (co-repressor) binds to the repressor.
What is a repressible operon? (ex. trp operon)
In order to activate a gene for translation, DNA can fold back on itself to activate genes in our genome with the help of proteins. This involves mediator proteins act as a bridge between these two genes.
What is the enhancer and the promoter?