Unit 6. Genetics review

Grammar

100

What is the difference between "She began dancing" and "She began to dance"?

None.

200

True or False: "The machine needs cleaning" is the same as "The machine needs to be cleaned."

True.
-ing can be used as a passive voice in combination with some verbs, like need.

300

What is the difference between "I can't help laughing when I hear that joke" and "I can't help to laugh when I hear that joke"?

I can't help to laugh is grammatically incorrect.

400

What is the difference between "She stopped to dance" and "She stopped dancing"?

In She stopped dancing, she was dancing and stopped doing it.
In She stopped to dance, she was doing something else, which she stopped doing, and started dancing.

500

What is the difference between "I could tell that Sandra didn’t like being examined with the retinal camera" and "Sandra didn’t like to be examined with the retinal camera"?

In the first one, she was examined, which she didn't like. In the second one, she didn't want to be examined, and she wasn't.

Vocabulary

100

Which term describes a person whose genotype contains two identical alleles for a trait?
a) Heterozygous
b) Haploid
c) Homozygous
d) Carrier

c) Homozygous

200

Complete the sentence with a word seen in the vocabulary of the unit.

A _______ is a permanent change in DNA that may alter the function of a gene.

Mutation

300

What does "aneuploidy" refer to?
a) A normal set of chromosomes
b) The presence of a complete extra set of chromosomes
c) The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes
d) Normal gene expression

c) The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes

400

Explain the difference between "Patient zero" and "Proband".

Proband: first person in their family to be formally diagnosed and studied in a medical setting.

Patient zero: first (human) case of a virus.

500

What are over-the-counter (OTC) medications?

(I know we haven't discussed it, but can you guess?)

Medications that can be bought without a prescription.
Over-the-counter = sobre-el-mostrador. Medicamentos de venta libre.

Pronunciation

100

True or False: Comment adverbs and adverbs of degree are usually stressed more heavily in spoken English to show attitude or emphasis.

True

200

True or False: In words with prefixes and suffixes, the main stress usually falls on the prefix.

False. The main stress is usually on the root or base word.

300

Which of these words have the stress pattern ooOo?

a) Bilingual
b) Overcrowded
c) Entertainment
d) Multicultural

B and C

/ˌbaɪˈlɪŋgwəl/ oOo
/ˌəʊvərˈkraʊdɪd/ ooOo
/ˌentərˈteɪnmənt/ooOo
/ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl/ ooOoo

400

Which group shows a stress shift?
a) Govern – Government – Governor
b) Happy – Happiness – Unhappy
c) Photograph – Photographer – Photographic

c) /ˈfəʊ.tə.ɡrɑːf/ –/fəˈtɒ.ɡrə.fə/ – /ˌfəʊ.təˈɡræ.fɪk/

(/ˈhæp.i/ - /ˈhæp.i.nəs/ - /ʌnˈhæp.i/)
(/ˈɡʌv.ən/ - /ˈɡʌv.ən.mənt/ or /ˈɡʌv.mənt/ - /ˈɡʌv.nə/)

500

Why are adverbs like “incredibly” or “definitely” stressed in a sentence?

To add emotional emphasis or clarify the speaker’s opinion.

Genetics knowledge

100

Which one may not be an inherited condition?
a) Stargardt disease
b) Meesmann corneal dystrophy
c) Autosomal dominant optic atrophy
d) Glaucoma

d) Glaucoma

200

True or False: The controversy about #thedress colour was produced by genetic causes related to colour perception.

False. Genetics may influence colour perception slightly through variations in cone cells in the retina, but "The Dress" illusion is mostly due to brain interpretation, not inherited genetic differences.

300

How many of the following are environmental risk factors that can lead to poor vision?

Smoking, lack of exercise, too much screen time, not drinking enough water, air pollutants, poor diet.

6 (all of them).

400

What is the gene responsible for hyperopia?
a) PDE11A
b) LEPERL1
c) ANTXR2

a) PDE11A
the phosphodiesterase 11A gene (PDE11A) plays an important role in conduction of signals for the management of eye growth.

500

Cataracts develop by the mutation of which gene?
a) AGPS
b) VAX2
c) CRYAA

a) AGPS
Alkylglycerone Phosphate Synthase is a Protein Coding gene

Fun facts

100

True or False: There are only four DNA bases.

False.
A, T, C and G make up DNA's chemical structure.
Base J, or ‘β-D-Glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil’ is found in some parasites' DNA, including trypanosomes and Leishmania. There are also synthetic bases (P, Z, B and S), which have been made into Hachimoji DNA.

200

How many chromosomes do humans and gorillas have?
a) H: 46; G: 46
b) H: 46; G: 48
c) H: 48; G: 48
d) H: 48; G: 46

b) H: 46; G: 48

300

True or False: Your DNA is 50% the same as a cabbage.

True.
In the case of cabbage versus human, our DNA is 50 per cent the same. We all have our origins in the same primordial soup.

400

When was the word gene coined?
a) 1889
b) 1909
c) 1929
d) 1949

b) 1909
Although the “father of genetics” Gregor Mendel conducted his pea plant experiments in the mid-1800s, it wasn’t until 1909 that Danish botanist Wilhelm Johannsen became the first person to describe Mendel’s individual units of heredity. He called them genes—derived from pangenesis, the word Charles Darwin used for his now-disproven theory of heredity (among other ideas, Darwin suggested that acquired characteristics could be inherited).

500

How long does it take for one of your cells to completely copy its DNA?
a) 2 hours
b) 8 hours
c) 12 hours
d) 24 hours

b) 8 hours