From Gene to Protein:
______ is the synthesis of RNA complementary to a template strand of DNA, providing a nucleotide-to-nucleotide transfer of information.
Transcription
______ is the regulatory switch in a segment of DNA.
Operator
______ are used to cut DNA molecules within short, specific nucleotide sequences.
Restriction enzymes
Evolution of a new gene occurs from _____ shuffling.
Exon
This more distant distal control elements, (enhancers), result in ______.
Thousands of nucleotides upstream or downstream of a gene.
______ is a series of overlapping, three-nucleotide words that control the flow of information from gene to protein.
Triplet Code
______ is the entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control
Operon
______ seals the base-paired fragments of DNA molecules to produce recombinant DNA molecules.
DNA ligase
What are some examples of different protein interactions?
Mitosis
DNA replication/repair
Mitochondrial functions
RNA processing
Secretion and vesicle transport
Define Gene Therapy.
Introducing genes into afflicted individuals for therapeutic purposes.
______ is the concept that cells are governed by a cellular chain of commands DNA → RNA → Protein.
Central Dogma
______ is the addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA associated with reduced transcription in some species.
DNA methylation
______ can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA using primers that bracket the desired sequence.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction
Define Genomics.
The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions.
Genetic markers for alleles that are associated with particular conditions are _______.
SNP’s (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
______ is the site at which RNA Polymerase attaches in a DNA sequence.
Promoter
Some operons are subject to positive gene regulation via a stimulatory ______ type of protein.
Activator
______ DNA restriction fragments of different lengths can be separated by this method.
Gel Electrophoresis
What are the 3 steps to genome sequencing?
1- Linkage mapping
2- Physical mapping
3- DNA sequencing
______, ________, and ________, of DNA contribute to genome evolution.
Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation.
______ occur when one or more nucleoid pair experiences an insertion or deletion.
Frameshift Mutation
Muscles cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they ______.
Express different genes
______ genetic markers for alleles that are associated with particular conditions.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Define Homeotic Genes.
Encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures.
What aids gene annotation?
Computer analysis.