Meiosis
What is the action that occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?
DNA replication
What is an enzyme and what is its main function in the cell?
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up
What is DNA replication?
The process of producing two identical DNA molecules from one original DNA molecule
What type of protein is long, strong, and used for structure in the body?
Fibrous protein
What is genetic engineering and what does it involve?
The manipulation of genetic material (DNA or RNA) from living organisms, usually for human benefit
Give an example of a haploid cell.
Sperm and egg
What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic enzymes?
Anabolic enzymes build larger molecules from smaller ones, while catabolic enzymes break large molecules into smaller ones
Which model of DNA replication is widely accepted as the most accurate?
Semi-conservative model
What step of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus and produces mRNA from DNA?
Transcription
What is the purpose of gene cloning?
To make many copies of a gene for study or manipulation
Meiosis is the cell division which forms _______.
gametes
What is the lock and key model of enzyme action?
A model where the substrate fits exactly into the enzyme’s active site like a key into a lock
What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?
It separates or “unzips” the parent DNA strands
What are groups of three nucleotides on mRNA that code for amino acids called?
Codons
What role do restriction enzymes, ligase, and vectors play in gene cloning?
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, ligase joins DNA fragments, and vectors transfer DNA between organisms
What are the third and fourth stages of Meiosis?
Metaphase and anaphase?
What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
It loses its shape (especially the active site) and can no longer function properly
What are Okazaki fragments and which strand are they found on?
Short DNA segments on the lagging strand
What process involves ribosomes reading mRNA to build a polypeptide chain?
Translations
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA that has been cut and joined from two different sources, often using a plasmid or virus as a vector
What is the whole purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes which have half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?
Competitive inhibitors compete for the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind elsewhere and change the enzyme’s shape
What enzyme joins DNA fragments together during replication?
DNA ligase
What is the term for when multiple codons code for the same amino acid?
Degeneracy
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism whose genome contains DNA from another specie