DNA Replication
What are the four enzymes that are used to replicate DNA?
Ligase, helicase, DNA polymerase, primase
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Between which two steps of protein synthesis does mRNA processing occur?
Transcription and translation
What two components are added to the ends of the mRNA strand during mRNA processing that function in protecting the mRNA from degradation?
5’ cap and 3’ polyAtail
What is a mutation?
A mistake or change in the DNA sequence
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for adding new nucleotides to our DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
What is the sugar found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What are the three large molecules used and produced during protein synthesis?
DNA, RNA, and proteins
Describe the process of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region, DNA unwinds and exposes region to be copied, enzyme is ready to begin making mRNA, nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand using complementary base pairing, transcription ends when RNA polymerase reaches the stop sequence, mRNA detaches from DNA
What type of mutation involves an incorrectly paired base?
A base substitution
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for gluing together or repairing sections of DNA?
Ligase
Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA that is NOT found in DNA?
Uracil
Explain the semiconservative model of replication.
The two strands of DNA unwind from one another, each old parent strand is the template for a new complementary strand, produces two identical DNA molecules, each strand has one “old” and one “new”
Describe the process of translation?
Small ribosomal subunit binds to start of mRNA sequence, tRNA brings specific amino acid to start codon, large ribosomal subunit binds, ribosome translates each codon, each amino acid is added to growing chain until all codons are read, ribosome reaches a stop codon, new protein is released, translation is complete
What type of mutation involves a base being deleted from the DNA sequence?
A deletion
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA?
Helicase
What is the difference between DNA and a chromosome?
DNA consists of only nucleic acids, while chromosomes consist of DNA coiled around proteins
What is the sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid?
Codon
What is the section of tRNA that is complementary to the codon on mRNA?
Anticodon
What type of mutation involves a base being added to the DNA sequence?
An insertion
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for adding primers to our unzipped DNA?
Primase
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
List the three types of RNA and where each can be found in protein synthesis.
mRNA - created in the nucleus from DNA, moved to the cytoplasm to provide information to make protein
rRNA - found in the ribosome
tRNA - brings in amino acids that pair with codons on mRNA
Describe what happens to a protein after it is produced in the cytoplasm.
Proteins are synthesized/processes by rough endoplasmic reticulum, they then move to Golgi apparatus to be packaged. Then, proteins are sent to either the lysosome for digestion, the vacuole for storage, or the vesicle to cell membrane for export.
What is a helpful effect of a mutations?
Enhanced survival, adaptations to environment, broaden gene pool