Unit 6 Review

DNA and RNA Structure

100

Eukaryotic genomes are ____________ while prokaryotic genomes are circular.

Linear

200

The name of a prokaryotic genome is called a...

Plasmid

300

DNA acts as a code, which allows it to be used as hereditary material.  It accomplishes this using the base pair rule.  C-G and A-___ OR A-___

A-T or A-U

400

DNA in eukaryotes is organized into structures called...

Chromosomes

500

DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division.  Cell division to create gamete cells is called...

Meiosis

Replication

100

The type of bond that holds together 2 DNA strands in the center of the ladder is called...

A hydrogen bond

200

A short sequence of RNA nucleotides that act as a flag to initiate DNA synthesis are called...

RNA Primers

300

The workhorse enzyme used to replicate DNA and that is responsible for adding new nucleotides along a growing strand of new DNA is called...

DNA polymerase

400

DNA replication is _____ conservative, which means one strand of DNA is used as a template to create a new strand.  At the end of DNA replication, the resulting daughter molecules are 50% old and 50% new DNA.

semi

500

What enzyme unzips DNA prior to replication?

Helicase

Transcription and Translation

100

tRNA carry ___________________ to the ribosome during translation.

Amino Acids

200

The flow of genetic information is: 

DNA --> ____________ --> _____________

mRNA, protein

300

Ribosomes are made up of this type of RNA

rRNA

400

mRNA has to be processed before leaving the nucleus.  One of the modifications a stand of mRNA undergoes is the addition of a _____________ tail which prevents degradation in the cytoplasm.

Poly-A

500

Once mRNA is processed, it can leave the _____________ through a pore and enter the _____________ where it is translated at the ______________.

Nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosome

Regulation of Gene Expression

100

In prokaryotes, genes are surrounded by regulatory sequences on the DNA, making it possible to turn on and turn off expression of a gene based on the environmental conditions.  One such system we studied is called the .... 

Lac operon

200

If an mRNA molecule has an extremely long poly A tail, this will result in slowed degradation of the message contained in the mRNA, resulting in _______ (more/less) protein product. 

More

300

In the lac operon, the repressor molecule was disabled and moved off of DNA in the presence of...

Lactose

400

As a part of mRNA processing, _________ are excised (removed) and ________ remain.  Different combinations of ___________ can be removed, leading to multiple protein products being possible from 1 gene sequence.

Introns; Exons; Introns

500

One example of regulatory switches within the DNA of a species that we studied that contributed to the evolution of that species was...

the stickleback fish

Mutations

100

Codons are triplets of nucleotides that code for a certain amino acid.  A deletion mutation would cause the reading frame of the ribosome to change, which is why these are known as _____________ mutations.

Frameshift

200

Sometimes a mutation results in a stop codon being in the middle of a sequence.  This results in an extremely shortened and non-functional ___________.  This type of mutation is called a ____________ mutation.  

protein; nonsense

300

If a nucleotide along a strand of DNA is replaced by another nucleotide but there is NO downstream change in the resulting amino acid, this is called a _______ mutation.

Silent

400

One condition we studied that is the result of a 1 amino acid change in the primary structure of the protein is sickle cell anemia.  This type of mutation is called a __________ mutation.

Point

500

Nondisjunction is an error in meiosis in chromosome division where a gamete cell ends up with too much or too little DNA.  Nondisjunction that results in an individual having 3 of the 21st chromosome (trisomy 21) is a condition more commonly known as...

Down Syndrome