Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Biology and Cognition
Scientists and Their Experiments
Learning
100
Who is considered the "godfather" of behaviorism and the "father" of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
100
What is something that increases a response called?
A reinforcer.
100
What is learning that doesn’t become apparent until later when it’s needed?
Latent learning
100
A scientist rang a bell, then fed the dog. The bell meant nothing to the dog. He repeated this over and over and over until, the bell did mean something – the bell meant food was coming. Eventually, the bell alone could cause the dog to salivate. Who performed this experiment?
Ivan Pavlov
100
If a stimulus occurs normally in an environment, an animal’s natural response may dwindle. This lessening of a response is called ________.
Habituation
200
What is is the initial learning of a stimulus-response relationship?
Acquisition
200
What is the process that rewards desired behavior and directs the animal toward a desired behavior?
Shaping
200
What is learning that comes all-at-once? (Hint: you may be stumped on something, but then, all-of-a-sudden, the problem is solved in a flash)
Insight Learning
200
A scientist built boxes, which were contraptions in which an animal could manipulate things and/or respond to stimuli. The responses were measured. A typical box was set up with a food dispenser, water dispenser, a light bulb, a speaker, and a lever the animal could pull. Who performed this experiment?
B.F. Skinner
200
We learn by making _________. This is connecting events that occur one after another.
Associations
300
What is the diminished association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
300
What is a stimulus that an animal can distinguish from another?
Discriminative stimulus
300
What is the fact that we are naturally good at some things and bad at others called? (Hint: the things that we inherit make us better prepared to perform some tasks and not others.)
Biological Predisposition
300
Known for the "Little Albert" experiment. Associated a loud noise with the sight of a white rat, eventually the fear generalized to other white furry animals.
John B. Watson
300
The form of learning that occurs by watching others’ experiences. Most closely associated with Albert Bandura.
Observational Learning
400
What is it called when after a time lapse, the association between the UCS and the CS reappears?
Spontaneous Recovery
400
What is the difference between a positive reinforcer and a negative reinforcer?
Positive: rewards a behavior with a pleasurable stimulus after a response Negative: rewards a behavior by removing something unpleasant
400
We have ______ neurons that “fire” in the brain when we watch someone else doing an action. It’s as though we’re actually doing it, but we’re just observing it.
Mirror
400
Who was the first big name in operant conditioning? He came up with his Law of Effect which said a rewarded behavior is likely to recur, and he also built "puzzle boxes".
E.L. Thorndike
400
What is the study of observable behavior – things an animal or person does that can be seen and measured?
Behaviorism.
500
What are the five main parts of classical conditioning?
The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Neutral Stimulus (NS), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and Conditioned Response (CR).
500
What are the intermittent reinforcement schedules?
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval .
500
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. Extrinsic motivation is the desire to perform a behavior in order to get some type of reward.
500
During the experiments rats were given one taste, sight, sound as a neutral stimulus. Later the rats would be exposed to radiation or drugs (the unconditioned stimulus), which would make the rats sick. Through these experiments, the scientist discovered that if a rat became nauseated after presented with a new taste, even if the illness occurred several hours later, the rat would avoid that taste. Who performed this experiment?
John Garcia
500
What is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning teaches us to associate one stimuli with another, operant conditioning teaches us to associate a behavior with a consequence.
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