Gene Codes
What is a gene?
piece of DNA that provides instructions for a cell to make a certain protein
What type of sugar is in RNA?
Where does transcription take place?
In the nucleus
What is considered the universal start codon?
AUG
What is considered the universal start amino acid?
Methionine
What are the functions of proteins?
storage, transport, movement, structure, catalyzing reactions, maintaining homeostasis
What is the job of the mRNA?
act as an intermediate molecule between the DNA and the protein
Where does translation take place?
In the cytoplasm
What is a missense mutation?
A substitution mutation that results in the insertion of a single incorrect amino acid.
What type of mutation results in no change in the amino acid sequence?
a silent mutation
What is the law of form and function?
The structure determines what it can do.
What is the job of the rRNA?
forms sub-units of ribosomes which assemble the proteins
List and describe the four steps of transcription.
Initiation - DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex.
Elongation - RNA polymerase moves along the template strand synthesizing an mRNA molecule.
Termination - additional adenine nucleotides are added at the end of the 3' end of the RNA transcript for processing.
Processing - introns are removed and the exons are spliced together to form a mature mRNA molecule
Compare and contrast codons and anticodons.
Anticodons - on tRNA, only one exists on each tRNA molecule, are complementary to the mRNA.
Codons - on DNA or mRNA, multiple can exists on DNA or mRNA, complementary to DNA, mRNA, or tRNA
How are DNA and RNA different?
DNA - deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, not disposable, contains thymine.
RNA - ribose sugar, single stranded, contains uracil, can be disposable
What does denature mean?
To unravel or unwind.
What is the job of the tRNA?
carries or transfers amino acids to the ribosome to help make a protein
Give the correct mRNA sequence to the following DNA sequence: TAC CAG GTT ATT
AUG GUC CAA UAA
What is a nonsense mutation?
A substitution mutation that changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon.
Proteins are a polymer. What monomer makes them up?
Amino acids
What is a way that your body uses to denature proteins and why?
Produce a high fever to denature the proteins of a virus or bacteria that is making you sick.
What is an anticodon?
sequence of three nucleotides that are located on a tRNA molecule that are complements to the mRNA molecule
Give the correct tRNA sequence for the following DNA sequence: TAC GGG CAT ACT
UAC GGG CAU ACU
A frameshift mutation affects all the amino acids after the mutation takes place.
How is transcription and translation different for prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Transcription and translation happen at the same time and the same place (cytoplasm) in prokaryotic cells.