Memory/Language
What is one possible language development disorder that can affect communication skills?
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Dyslexia, or Speech delays
What are the three stages of memory processing (in order)?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What are the 4 types of non-associative learning?
Dishabituation, Sensitization, Habituation, Desensitization
In classical conditioning, the phase where a neutral stimulus begins to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus is known as what?
Acquisition
Explain the Bobo Doll experiment and what it suggests about observational learning.
The Bobo Doll experiment, conducted by Albert Bandura, showed that children who observed an adult behaving aggressively toward a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate the same aggressive behavior. This suggests that people can learn behaviors through observation and imitation, without direct reinforcement.
Name two of the three types of implicit memory.
priming, procedural, classical conditioning
Which theory of language acquisition suggests that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language?
Nativist Theory
A person no longer notices the sound of traffic after living in a busy city for months, but they suddenly become alert when a loud motorcycle passes by.
Dishabituation
A dog stops responding to a conditioned stimulus after a long period of no exposure, but then shows the conditioned response again after the stimulus is presented. What is this phenomenon?
Spontaneous recovery
If a person is afraid of a specific type of dog breed but then starts fearing all dogs, what psychological concept does this demonstrate?
Generalization
Which type of memory is responsible for briefly storing auditory information, like the sound of a doorbell ringing?
Echoic Memory
Provide an example of an episodic memory and an example of a semantic memory.
Episodic = Personal experiences and events (e.g., your last birthday party)
Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts (e.g., the capital of France is Paris)
Explain the difference between the terms positive and negative in operant conditioning AND the difference between reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.
Negative = removing stimulus
Reinforcement = maintain or increase a behavior
Punishment = decrease or stop a behavior
A student who has failed multiple exams and believes they cannot succeed on future tests, regardless of effort, is demonstrating what psychological phenomenon?
Learned helplessness
After being trained to respond only to a specific sound of a bell, a dog ignores other similar sounds like a doorbell. What psychological concept explains the dog's selective response?
Discrimination
What are the two types of amnesia, and how do they differ?
Retrograde Amnesia: Loss of past memories.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
Genie, a child who was locked in basement for most of her childhood, had trouble learning language even after she was rescued. What would most likely explain why she was unable to learn language (looking for specific term)?
She missed her critical period for language development.
A child initially cries every time they hear a siren, but after repeated exposure, they no longer react as strongly. What process is occurring?
Desensitization
Every time Juan completes 5 math problems, he earns a small reward. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
Explain the Little Albert experiment
The Little Albert experiment, conducted by John B. Watson, demonstrated that fear could be conditioned in humans. They paired a white rat (neutral stimulus) with a loud, frightening sound (unconditioned stimulus), causing Albert to develop a fear of the rat (conditioned response), which also generalized to other similar objects.
Alex is walking through a shopping mall when he hears a song he used to hear a lot during his childhood. Upon hearing it, he suddenly feels anxious, though he can't quite remember why. Which type of implicit memory explains Alex’s emotional reaction to the song, and what caused this response?
Classical conditioning – Alex likely has an unconscious association between the song and a past negative experience that causes his anxiety.
During a math test, Emma solves a problem in her head without needing to write anything down. She remembers the formula and manipulates the numbers mentally to arrive at the answer. Which type of memory is Emma using to solve the math problem, and what is this type of memory responsible for?
Working memory – Emma is using working memory to hold and manipulate the information while solving the problem.
Which are the following describing?
_______ = a recovery of response due to a new or stronger stimulus
________ = an increased response to repeated exposure to an intense or alarming stimulus.
Dishabituation, Sensitization
Why is variable reinforcement more effective than continuous reinforcement in maintaining behavior?
Variable reinforcement creates more persistence in behavior because the reward is unpredictable, making the behavior more resistant to extinction.
A child imitates a character’s behavior after seeing them on TV. What role is the TV character playing in this scenario?
Symbolic model