Memory
Memory Storage
Retrieval and Forgetting
Thinking
Language Structures
100
The persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information.
What is memory?
100
Sensory memory can be described based on the sensory input format. These are two types of sensory memory.
What is iconic and echoic memory.
100
This is the correct identification of previously learned material.
What is recognition?
100
This is the mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people.
What is a schema?
100
A basic sound in language.
What is a phoneme?
Bonus: What is the smallest meaningful unit in language?
200
The very immediate and brief recording of sensory information.
What is sensory memory?
Bonus: This is the number of items we can effectively remember in our working memory.
200
An emotionally significant event that is remembered clearly utilizes this type of memory.
What is flashbulb memory?
200
Recall is a type of memory retrieval that would be used in these types of testing formats.
What is fill in the blank with no word bank, essays, short answer, free response question?
200
When you think of the best teacher, your brain immediately thinks of Mr. Chadwick and no other option whatsoever. This is an example of...
What is a prototype?
200
The set of rules in which we derive meaning from language.
What are semantics?
300
What type of mental processing occurs when there is a concerted focus to encode information?
What is effortful processing?
Bonus:
This describes the processing of two or more stimuli or things at the same time.
300
Define explicit memory and the two sub-categories of semantic and episodic memory.
What is memory that is effortfully remembered? Semantic memory is the general knowledge of facts. Episodic memory is the memories of experiences and events from our lives.
300
With a lack of attention and focus on specific details--there is this failure in memory.
What is encoding failure?
300
When presented with new information, schemas adapt to incorporate this information primarily in two ways. Identify and describe them.
What is accommodation(changing the rules of the schema to accommodate new info)? What is assimilation(adding the new info into the confines of the original schema)?
300
The way in which words are ordered to create a grammatically sensible and correct sentences.
What is syntax?
400
We tend to remember the first and last items in a list due to this phenomenon.
What is the serial position effect?
Bonus: What are the sub-levels of this concept called?
400
Sensory memory is heavily dependent upon our perception of the world around us. This term from the Sensation and Perception unit determines how accurate our sensory memory can be.
What is selective attention?
400
Proactive interference vs retroactive interference, describe the differences.
What is: Proactive interference when old information blocks new. Retroactive interference when new information blocks old.
Bonus: Define all four types of amnesia from this unit.
400
Some people are incredibly stubborn and are unable to view a problem or object from a new angle. These people are locked into this concept.
What is a fixation?
Bonus: What is the specific term to describe a fixation on the use of an object?
400
The language one speaks limits and determines how they will think.
What is linguistic determinism?
500
Describe the multi-step model of memory--the stages, the transitions and how something you learn for this class becomes stored in your brain.
What is...
500
You are running late to school and hop in the car. Without thinking you buckle your seatbelt and drive to school without even thinking about how to get there. The automatic skills employed describe this type of memory.
What is implicit memory?
Bonus: What is the specific sub-category that covers skills such as driving a car, swimming, dressing yourself?
500
When asking for details after a car crashed, the diction can alter the memory of the incident. Usage of words like "bumped" versus "smashed" when describing the collision can change someone's memory of the event. This phenomenon is...
What is misinformation effect?
500
Some people choose only to read the news from sources that present information that aligns with their beliefs. They will even ignore contradictory information.
What is confirmation bias?
Bonus: When presented with contradictory information, people hold onto their beliefs. This is called...?
500
Based on this concept, it makes almost no sense that schools teach foreign languages to students starting in high school.
What is the critical period for learning language?
600
Using two concepts from this section, describe how you could best study for the test.
What is utilizing the spacing effect to encourage distributed practice with content, paired with the testing effect (quizzing) to ensure meaningful understanding?
Example--discretionary to the teacher.
600
Long-term potentiation is often used as an explanation to how our memory works. Describe LTP and how it explains memory.
What is the increase in firing potential/strengthening of a neural pathway after rapid stimulation? What is the strengthening of this neural firing over time? This leads to the encoding of specific knowledge, skills--memory.
600
Our tendency to block out traumatic memories or undesirable thoughts or feelings is attributed to this psychodynamic concept.
What is repression?
600
Describe the difference between the availability and representative heuristics.
What is:
Availability-- making decisions based on the availability of information(deciding that sharks are more dangerous than cows because shark attacks are more readily reported on than cow trampling)
Representative-- making decisions based on information matching or representing a schema (assuming where people are from based on their outward appearance)
600
At how many months are people able to generate babble that resembles household speech?
What is 10 months?