Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Other Types of Learning
Famous People & Studies
Miscellaneous Learning
100
After several trials during which a dog is given a certain kind of food at the same time that a specific bell is sounded, there is evidence of conditioning if the dog salivates when this is presented.
What is the bell only?
100
A person closes their door to shut out a noisy house. The reduction in noise leads the person to close the door every day. This is an example of this kind of conditioning.
What is negative reinforcement?
100
The terms “modeling” and “imitation” are most closely associated with this type of learning.
What is social or observational learning?
100
This classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning.
What is Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll study?
100
Latent learning is best described as this.
What is learning that occurs in the absence of a reward?
200
Mice in an experiment learned to associate cheese with a drug that causes nausea. Later, the cheese alone produced the nausea. This outcome is an example of which of the which kind of learning?
What is classical conditioning?
200
A teacher taught her students to take turns by giving them stickers to trade for small toys at the end of the day. This technique is called this.
What is a token economy?
200
The technique of strengthening behavior by reinforcing successive approximations is called this.
What is shaping?
200
Watson and Rayner famously conditioned this child to fear white rats.
Who is Little Albert?
200
Martin loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. He is being rewarded on this type of reinforcement schedule.
What is variable interval?
300
Studies have shown that events are easier to associate together when the timing occurs like this.
What is close together (approximately half a second apart)?
300
Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when it is delivered at this time.
What is soon after the behavior?
300
Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through this type of reinforcement schedule.
What is continuous?
300
In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments in classical conditioning, the dog’s salivation was this kind of response.
What is both conditioned and unconditioned?
300
Children given tokens for doing their chores were able to trade the tokens in to get candy. The tokens acted as this kind of reinforcer.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
400
Jenny got very sick after eating some strawberry cake at her friend’s house. She didn’t know that she has a stomach virus at the time, blamed her illness on the strawberry cake, and refused to eat them again. This is the unconditioned stimulus responsible for her taste aversion to strawberry cake.
What is the stomach virus?
400
The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.
What are cognitive processes?
400
Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to bright lights and noise with water if they were associated with electric shocks rather than with flavors or poisoned food. This illustrates this concept
What is preparedness?
400
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee’s sudden solving of a problem evidence of this kind of learning.
What is insight?
400
If a previous experience has given your cat the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent you from kicking it, it will likely experience this.
What is learned helplessness?
500
Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote this.
What is survival?
500
In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an “if A, then B” relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent these.
What are response, reinforcement?
500
A person who is fearful of pitbulls but not poodles is exhibiting this.
What is discrimination?
500
This quote is attributed to this psychologist: “Give me a dozen health infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief…”
Who is John B. Watson, a behaviorist?
500
If the trainer conditions the rat to bite at a blue circle and then only gives him a reward if he bites at a yellow circle when both a blue and yellow circles appear, the rat is demonstrating this kind of learning.
What is abstract learning?
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