Natural Selection
True or false: Natural selection only does what is best for the species
False
Give an real life scenario of the bottleneck effect
Significant reduction in population size, resulting in loss of genetic variability
Define comparative morphology
The analysis of patterns in the structures of different organisms.
The difference between the genotype frequencies and the phenotype frequencies in a population?
Genotype frequency represents the percent of individuals with a genotype (ex: AA, Aa, aa)
Phenotype frequency represent the percent of individuals who exhibit an observable trait (ex: Blue eyes, massive gyatt, red hair)
Define allopatric speciation
Where a population evolves into two or more distinct species often through geographic isolation, forming a new lineage.
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
Artificial selection is carried out by humans to breed desired traits into a species. Natural selection happens naturally when an organism adapts to better their survival and reproduction.
Define gene flow
Movement of genes between populations through migration
What is the difference between homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures?
Homologous- similar structure, different function
Analogous- same function, different structure
Vestigial- remnants of structures once useful in ancestors
What does 2pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Frequency of the heterozygous genotype
Define systematics as it relates to biology
The study of the diversification of living forms both past and present
Can genotype change because of the environment?
No, environment usually affects the phenotype
What does it mean if an allele becomes fixed?
An allele is the only variant that exists and a population.
Why might species that live in different geographical areas sometimes resemble each other?
Due to convergent evolution, organisms may have similar environments and face similar selective pressures that cause them to evolve and resemble each other.
Write the Hardy Weinberg equation
P^2+2pq+q^2=1
Define adaptive radiation
a rapid evolutionary diversification where a single ancestral lineage gives rise to many diverse forms, often adapting to new environments or niches
Define relative fitness
Number of offspring an organism has compared to the average number of offspring of their population
How is sexual selection similar to directional selection?
They are both forms of natural selection.
Define embryonic homology
The observation of similarities in different species’ embryos, suggesting common ancestry
What are the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
-no natural selection
-extremely large population
-no gene flow
-no mutations
-random mating
Draw on your whiteboard a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram, label each of the following-
node, branch, out group, root, basal taxon
Can not add pictures bit I have it in the notes trust
Write an example of the selective pressures a field mouse could face.
ex: The population of felid mice compete for seeds, because of this the mice who are fatter survive longer. The underweight population of mice die off and the chunkier mice become the majority who reproduce.
Draw on your whiteboard three diagrams depicting the following:
Stabilizing Selection, Disruptive Selection, Directional Selection
Cant add pictures wamp wamp 🧍♂️🚗💨
Explain how sequences of amino acids in proteins can be used to reveal relationships among organisms?
If the organisms have similar amino acid sequences, it could mean that they have a common ancestor.
If 108 out of 300 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population are heterozygotes?
46%
Freckles (F) are dominant to no freckles (f). If there are 201 people with freckles in a population of 300 people:
a. What is the predicted frequency of heterozygotes?
b. What is the predicted frequency of homozygous dominant?
c. What is the predicted frequency of homozygous recessive?
A) 0.44
B) 0.45
C) 0.11