Big Brain Energy
What movement encouraged people to use reason and logic to challenge traditional authority?
The Enlightenment
What war left Great Britain in debt and led to increased taxes on the American colonies?
The French and Indian War
What event on July 14, 1789, became a major symbol of the beginning of the French Revolution?
The Storming of the Bastille
What legal system did Napoleon establish that preserved equality before the law and other revolutionary reforms?
The Napoleonic Code
Which Caribbean nation became the first Black republic after a successful revolution against French colonial rule?
Haiti
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that government should be based on a social contract and the general will of the people?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What 1773 protest involved colonists dumping British tea into Boston Harbor?
The Boston Tea Party
Why did King Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789?
France was deeply in debt, and he needed support for tax reforms.
Where did the American and French Revolutions influence into having their own revolutions?
Latin America
What group of people born in Latin America to European parents often led independence movements despite having fewer privileges than peninsulares?
Creoles
Which Enlightenment thinker supported religious tolerance and freedom of speech while criticizing powerful institutions?
Voltaire
How did the Glorious Revolution influence American colonists' views about British rule?
It supported the idea that people could challenge or remove rulers who abused their power.
What document declared that French citizens were free and equal and that government authority came from the people?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
How did Napoleon's conquests contribute to the spread of nationalism in Europe?
People living under French control developed stronger loyalty to their own nations and resisted foreign rule.
How did the American and French Revolutions inspire independence movements in Latin America?
They spread Enlightenment ideas about liberty, equality, natural rights, and the right to challenge unjust governments.
How does the system of checks and balances prevent a dictatorship?
It allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches, preventing one from gaining too much control.
How did Thomas Jefferson use Enlightenment ideas in the Declaration of Independence?
He argued that people have natural rights and that governments exist to protect those rights.
How did the Reign of Terror contradict the original goals of the French Revolution?
The revolution promoted liberty and equality, but the Reign of Terror used violence and executions against suspected enemies.
What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815?
To restore the balance of power in Europe and redraw boundaries after Napoleon's rule.
What 1823 U.S. policy warned European nations against interfering in newly independent Latin American countries?
The Monroe Doctrine
Explain the difference between popular sovereignty and constitutionalism.
Popular sovereignty means government power comes from the people. Constitutionalism means government power is limited by a constitution.
Explain TWO ways the U.S. Constitution attempted to prevent the abuse of government power.
It divided power among three branches and established checks and balances. It also shared power between federal and state governments.
Identify TWO major differences between the American and French Revolutions.
The Americans fought against a distant colonial ruler, while the French overthrew their own monarchy. The French Revolution also experienced much more internal violence, especially during the Reign of Terror.
Explain how Napoleon both supported and contradicted the ideals of the French Revolution.
He supported revolutionary ideals by promoting legal equality and ending feudal restrictions, but contradicted them by establishing authoritarian rule and limiting political freedom.
Why did independence from Spain not automatically create equality for all social classes in Latin America?
Political power often remained with wealthy Creole elites, while Indigenous people, people of African descent, and mixed-ancestry groups continued facing social and economic inequality.