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This French naturalist incorrectly proposed that organisms could pass on "acquired characteristics" gained during their lifetime.
Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck?
This describes the total collection of all alleles for all loci in a population at any given time.
These "remnants of the past" are structures like the human tailbone or whale pelvis that have lost their original function but show common ancestry.
What are vestigial structures?
On a cladogram or phylogenetic tree, this point represents the most recent common ancestor of the lineages deriving from it.
What is a node?
Unlike natural selection, this process involves humans specifically breeding organisms for desired phenotypic traits.
What is artificial selection?
This type of natural selection shifts phenotypic distribution to one that favors one extreme.
What is directional natural selection?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, this variable specifically represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype.
What is 2pq?
This theory suggests that membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes.
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
This type of speciation occurs when a population is divided by a geographic barrier, such as a mountain range or a river.
What is allopatric speciation?
This hypothesis proposes that the first self-replicating molecule was not DNA, but a different nucleic acid that could also catalyze reactions.
What is the RNA World Hypothesis?
This refers to an individual's ability to survive and, more importantly, pass their genes to the next generation.
What is evolutionary fitness?
This type of genetic drift occurs when a small group of individuals becomes isolated from a larger population and establishes a new population with a different gene pool.
What is the founder effect?
Scientists use this technique, often involving Carbon-14, to determine the absolute age of a fossil based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.
What is radiometric dating?
This is used in phylogenetic trees as a point of comparison; it is the group that is least closely related to the others being studied.
What is an outgroup?
These are two examples of artificial selection commonly used in today's world.
What are dog breeds and agriculture?
This process explains why unrelated species, like sharks and dolphins, evolve similar traits because they occupy similar selective pressures in their environment.
What is convergent evolution?
To be in HW Equilibrium, a population must meet these 5 conditions: large population, random mating, no natural selection, no gene flow, and this regarding population size.
What is no mutations?
These are similar bone structures between closely related organisms.
What are homologous structures?
This is prezygotic barriers when an individual of one species does not respond to the mating call of another individual of a different species.
What is behavioral isolation?
The first cells on Earth are hypothesized to have been these—lacking a nucleus and living in an anaerobic environment.
What are prokaryotes?
This is any environmental factor—such as predation, disease, competition, or climate—that causes certain phenotypes to have a survival or reproductive advantage over others.
What is a selective pressure?
These two specific factors, besides gene flow, are the primary drivers that increase genetic variation within a population.
What are mutations and sexual reproduction?
This studies the similarities in development of zygotes in different organisms.
What is embryology?
This evolutionary model suggests that species remain stable for long periods, interrupted by brief periods of rapid change and speciation.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
This experiment showed that organic molecules could be synthesized from the inorganic molecules in the early atmosphere.
What is the Miller Urey Experiment?