Section 1
What were the four goals of Progressivism?
1) Protecting Social Welfare
2) Promoting Moral Improvement
3) Creating Economic Reform
4) Fostering Efficiency
What jobs were available for unskilled urban women in the late 1800s?
Industrial jobs, such as the garment trade, contained many unskilled workers. It was better paying than rural areas.
How did Roosevelt respond to the public outcry created by The Jungle?
Roosevelt instituted the Meat Inspection Act and True Food and Drug Act in order to ensure quality of food and truthfulness of advertising.
Why did progressive Republicans feel betrayed by the Payne–Aldrich Tariff?
Taft originally campaigned for lowering tariffs and signed the Payne Aldrich Tariff which would only moderate the high tariff rates made by the Aldrich Bill.
What goals did Wilson’s program, the New Freedom, seek to achieve?
The New Freedom program sought to attack trusts, tariffs, and high finance.
What did muckrakers do, and why were they influential?
Journalists who wrote about corruption (the muck) and sought to expose corrupt business practices. They would sway public opinion of a person or business based on their article.
What was the NACW, and what issues did it address?
What did the Meat Inspection Act require?
Required strict cleanliness policies for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection
What was the Ballinger–Pinchot controversy, and why did it harm Taft politically?
Taft appointed Ballinger who opposed conservationist control of western land and removed 1 million acres of forest to be public domain. Pinchot accused Ballinger to siding with commercial interests. Taft fired Pinchot from U.S. Forest Service, ruining relationship with conservationist voters.
How did the Clayton Antitrust Act strengthen protections for labor and consumers?
The Clayton Antitrust Act sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting corporations from acquiring the stock of another creating a monopoly, and also specified that labor unions had a right to exist and were not subject to antitrust laws.
How did scientific management attempt to improve workplace efficiency?
Scientific management broke down tasks into simple parts leading to the development of the assembly line and production efficiency. Treated people like machines and resulted in high turnover rate for these positions.
How did educational opportunities for women expand during this era?
Women were able to hold more skilled positions in offices, stores and schools as bookkeepers, stenographers, and typists to operate new machines.
Their education contributed to their influence in leading different reform groups as well as their own independence and confidence.
What was the significance of the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company?
How were Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy of government similar?
Both Roosevelt and Wilson supported a stronger government role in economic affairs.
Why did Wilson push for lower tariffs, and what did the Underwood Act accomplish?
Wilson sought to limit business by lowering tariffs. The Underwood Act would substantially reduce tariff rates to help U.S. citizens economically. Wilson used the bully pulpit to influence the House and Senate to pass the bill.
How did initiative, referendum, and recall expand democratic participation?
An initiative allowed citizens to petition a bill on a ballot. Citizens could vote on whether the bill was accepted (referendum). The recall allowed voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term.
What was the three-part strategy suffragists used to win the vote?
1) Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote.
2) Women pursued court cases to test the Fourteenth Amendment, which declared that states denying their male citizens the right to vote would lose congressional representation.
3) Pushed for national constitutional amendment to grant women the vote.
What did the National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act) do?
In an effort to start water projects to help dry wilderness areas, the Newlands Act gave money from the sale of public lands in the West to fund large scale irrigation projects such as the Roosevelt Dam and Shoshone Dam.
How did the Republican split help Woodrow Wilson win the 1912 election?
Since the Republican party was split, the votes for two Republican candidates are split allowing for more votes to land in favor of Woodrow Wilson.
Why were African Americans disappointed with Wilson’s stance on civil rights?
Wilson placed segregationists in charge of federal agencies which expanded racial segregation in federal government, military, and Washington D.C. Racial segregation increased under Wilson instead of the promise of decrease.
What was Robert M. La Follette's position on regulating big business? What was his main target?
He did not mean to smash corporations but merely to drive them out of politics and then to treat them exactly the same as other people are treated. His main target was the railroad industry.
Why did the liquor industry and textile industry fear the Women's Suffrage Movement?
Liquor industry feared women would vote in favor of prohibition. Textile industry feared women would vote for restrictions on child labor.
What reforms were enacted by the Elkins Act and Hepburn Act?
Made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads. Railroads could not change rates without notifying the public. Limited the distribution of free railroad passes and set maximum railroad rates.
How did disagreements within the Republican Party lead to a political split?
The two wings, conservatives and progressives, separated due to the conservatives efforts to ignore progressive bills as seen with Joseph Cannon (chairman of the House Rules Committee). Progressives held Taft as guilty for raising tariff rates leading to the separation and formation of the Bull Moose Party.
What problems in the banking system led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System?
Banks were not strong enough to quickly adjust the amount of money in circulation. Banks struggled to keep pace with credit availability and money supply in relation to the national economy. This led to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.