Deviance/Conformity
What is the difference between deviance and conformity?
Deviance: Going against social norms
Conformity: Going along with social norms
What is altruism?
The unselfish regard for the welfare of others
What is prejudice?
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members
Define Social Facilitation
In the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks
Ex: Skilled athletes often find that they are “on” before an audience. What they do well, they do even better when people are watching.
What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Fritz Heider (1958) proposed an attribution theory: we explain someone’s behavior by crediting the situation or someone’s disposition
Example: in class, Jill does not talk. At lunch, Jack talks all the time. Therefore, you categorize Jill as shy and Jack as outgoing.
What is an example of minor deviance?
examples may vary
when the influence of a group or individual impacts another person to change their behavior in order to be accepted by that group/individual
Peer Pressure
A generalized belief about a group of people
stereotype
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining common goals than when individually accountable
Ex: Not taking initiative in a group project because you know you have someone else you can rely on to help you
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
attitudes
What is an example of major deviance?
examples may vary
The influence of the presence of others on a person's willingness to help someone in need. Research has shown that, even in an emergency, a person is less likely to extend help when he or she is in the real or imagined presence of others than when he or she is alone.
Bystander Effect
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
Discrimination
What is the difference between internal and external social control?
Internal Social Control
lies within the individual and is developed during the socialization process (right vs. wrong)
Ex: Feeling guilty about cheating on a test
External Social Control
based on social sanctions (rewards and punishments) designed to encourage desired behavior
Ex: Facing a jail sentence after committing a crime
A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Role
What is positive deviance or overconformity?
Involves behavior that over-conforms to social expectations
Leads to imbalance and perfectionism
Can be AS harmful as negative deviance
Anorexia or extreme bodybuilding
“Perfect” Students who stress over perfectionism
Theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Social Exchange Theory
What is the difference between an ingroup and outgroup?
Ingroup: “us” – people with whom we share a common identity
Outgroup: “them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in a group setting that foster arousal and anonymity.
Deindividuation
What is cognitive dissonance?
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
What is negative deviance or underconformity?
Involves behavior that under-conforms to social expectations people either reject, misinterpret, or are unaware of the norms
Obesity
Unmotivated Students (Lack of participation, sleeping in class, failing assignments)
Who finds who/what attractive? Explain your reasoning
-similarity
-proximity
What is difference between implicit and explicit prejudice?
Explicit: on our radar, we are aware of it
Implicit: an unthinking, knee-jerk reaction we are unaware we may have
When the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
Groupthink
Peripheral Route Persuasion: occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness or social status
Emotion-based judgements are made, not logical ones
Central Route Persuasion: occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments
Logical thinking
Research-based