Organellar Inheritance
Where is DNA most commonly found in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What does it mean for organisms to live in a symbiotic relationship?
A symbiotic relationship is a close, long-term, and physical interaction between two different species.
"Living closely together"
What do we call the manipulation of genes in order to cure a disease?
Gene Therapy
What is it called when we mix different species to create hybrids?
Cross-breeding
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
How do we abbreviate mitochondrial DNA?
mtDNA
What 3 types of primitive cells existed?
1. Photosynthetic
2. ATP producing
3. Large engulfing cell
What do we call a gene made from recombinant DNA technology that gets inserted to an organism from another organism?
Transgene
What is called when an organism has 3+ sets of chromosomes?
Why are GM foods going to be important for the future?
Population growth means there will be a higher demand for food.
What organelle is found in plant cells that also has its own DNA?
What eventually evolved into chloroplasts?
Photosynthetic Bacteria
What is the difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?
In vivo: genes are delivered directly to somatic cells.
Ex vivo: researchers remove tissues from the patient’s bone marrow, expose the cells to large amounts of therapy gene while the cells grow briefly in culture, and then return the cells to the patient’s body.
Describe the process of targeted mutagenesis.
scientists mutate a specific gene in vitro:
1) Mutant DNA introduced into cells
2) Cell’s natural repair system replaces original gene with mutant version
How do scientists find the desired trait they are looking for when creating a GMO?
The genomes of plants with the trait are compared to genomes in the same species without the trait, with the goal of identifying genes present only in the former.
What makes organellar DNA different from typical DNA?
It is a circular DNA molecule with compact gene arrangement and very little non-coding DNA
What eventually evolved into the mitochondria?
ATP Producing Bacteria
What do we call a gene whose expression will fight disease?
Therapeutic genes
Name one advantage of polyploidy organisms?
How can GM foods actually lead to increased pesticide use?
It can give rise to new resistant strains.
What determines how much organellar DNA an organism has?
Cell’s energy needs and distribution during cell division
Name 2 pieces of evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory.
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA
2. The DNA is arranged similarly to prokaryote DNA
3. Size is similar to bacteria
4. Can divide on their own
Name one example of how transgenes are used in plants or other crops.
The GM salmon, which contain a growth hormone transgene that is expressed year-round, achieve their full weight in half that time.
Name one disadvantage of mutagenesis.
Decreased survival %
Potential unwanted mutations
What is the difference between selective breeding and GMOs?
Selective breeding uses two organisms with desired traits and crosses them in the hopes that the next generation will also have the desired traits. GMO’s have had their DNA altered and desired traits have been inserted.