Crusades
The most important city in the Holy Land
Jerusalem
The Duke of Normandy who became the king of England in 1066
William I "The Conqueror"
The excommunication of an entire city
Interdict
The country responsible for the revival of trade in the High Middle Ages
Italy
The Muslim ruler during the events of the Third Crusade
Saladin
The main reason why people went on crusades
Indulgences
The emperor of the HRE who was defeated by an alliance of the pope and Italian city-states
Frederick I
The pope in charge during the papal reforms and the Investiture Controversy
Gregory VII
Organizations of merchants based on their occupation
Guilds
The Italian city state responsible for the events of the Fourth Crusade
Venice
The king of England during the events of the Third Crusade
Richard I "The Lionheart"
The king of France who went on the Third Crusade
Philip II
The place where the emperor of the HRE sought absolution from the pope during the Investiture Controversy
Canossa
Self-governing city states that emerged during the High Middle Ages
Communes
The military monastic order that fought for the conversion of pagan slavs
Teutonic Knights
The pope who proclaimed the First Crusade
Urban II
The king of England responsible for the creation of the Common Law
Henry II
The appointing of bishops and priests by lords, kings, or emperors
Lay investiture
Merchant settlements that were founded next-door to castles
Burghs
The conversion of the pagan slavs was the goal of this crusade
Baltic Crusades
The place where the pope announced the beginning of the First Crusade
Council of Clermont
The French king responsible for the creation of the French parliament
Philip IV
The agreement that ended the Investiture Controversy
Concordat of Worms
The theological and philosophical work created by St. Thomas Aquinas
Summa Theologica
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims was the goal of this crusade
Reconquista