DNA wraps around these structures when condensed and must be unwound from them to begin transcription.
What are histones?
100
Structures responsible for translating mRNA information by sliding along the code and matching complementary base pairs.
What are ribosomes?
100
These capture free energy from physical sources in the environment.
What are autotrophs?
100
There have been approximately 5 of these in geologic time, humans may well be the 6th.
What is a mass extinction event?
100
A receptor molecule recognizes these specific chemical messengers.
What is a ligand?
200
Enzymes that initiate transcription by unwinding and unzipping the DNA.
What are transcription factors?
200
Three nucleotides which code for a particular amino acid.
What is a codon?
200
Its input must exceed what is lost to entropy to maintain order in ecosystems as well as power cellular processes.
What is free energy?
200
Populations are unable to do this in an unchanging environment.
What is evolve?
200
These are the three stages of chemical signaling.
What is signal, transduction, response?
300
A protein-lined channel that regulates the passage of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
What is nuclear pore?
300
If both strands of a DNA helix are labeled A and B, respectively, and strand A is used during transcription, ultimately the proteins produced were translated according to the code from this strand.
What is strand B?
300
A type of cooperative behavior tends to increase the survival of other members of the population at a cost to the individual.
What is altruism?
300
These are the three lines of evidence scientists draw on to make evolutionary claims.
Biochemical, Geological, Morphological
300
These have the capacity to change the transcription and translation processes within a cell by manipulating the nucleus to produce its own DNA.
What is a virus?
400
This structure is added to an RNA molecule during processing for stability and transport.
What is poly A tail?
400
A sequence of amino acids might be translated incorrectly if these structures fail to align and deliver nucleotides to the ribosome.
What are tRNA?
400
These are terrestrial geographic zones which occupy a distinct region based on climate.
What is a biome?
400
This describes an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.
What is fitness?
400
This is the space between neighboring neurons in which chemical messages are sent.
What is the synapse?
500
These are the pieces of genetic code that remain in processed RNA after splicing.
What are exons?
500
This structure is used to guide mRNA to the cytoplasm and is then identified by ribosomes to initiate translation.
What is a 5' cap?
500
The exchange efficiency of this between trophic levels is approximately 10%.
What is energy?
500
Nonrandom mating is a prerequisite for this model of population genetics, which helps describe evolutionary change.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula?
500
This is the tissue made up by cells in the xylem and phloem of plants.