Sixteenth and seventeenth century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as leading to dangerous ________.
civil disorder
100
This provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism in 1555.
Peace of Augsburg
100
This was the major language spoken in most courts and diplomatic circles of Europe by the late 17th century.
French
100
The siege of Vienna (1683) represents the final defeat of efforts by the _________ to acquire large areas of central Europe.
Ottoman Empire
100
A controversial aspect of the Agricultural Revolution in 18th century England was the transformation of common land into private land through the process known as ________.
enclosure
200
The massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against ________ in France.
Huguenots
200
The conversion to Catholicism of King Henry IV of France is an example of the policies of this group.
politiques
200
In 17th century Poland, the most significant political influence was exercised by this group.
nobility
200
Religious change in the 17th century in this country led to a great vitality in intellectual and artistic life.
Netherlands
200
A distinguishing feature of the _______ in 18th century France was the inability of the monarchy to carry out reforms necessary for its survival.
Old Regime
300
Italian ______ artists of the Renaissance were able to achieve recognition as artists as a result of their commissions from wealthy patrons.
women
300
This document provided limited political and religious liberties to French Huguenots in 1598.
Edict of Nantes
300
The French _____ is best described as the revolt over increasing centralization of royal power.
Fronde
300
In salons in the 18th century, _____ questions were discussed as well as literary works.
social
300
The basic goal of Napoleon's Continental System was to weaken ______ economically.
England
400
Peasant men in 17th and 18th century Europe generally married in their late _______ because they first wanted to establish an independent household.
20s
400
One of the main aims in Russia under Peter the Great (1689-1725) was to make high social status more dependent on service to the ________.
state
400
This city dominated European trade and finance in the early 17th century.
Amsterdam
400
A major result of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the Treaty of Utrecht was to prevent _______ from upsetting the balance of power.
France
400
The cahiers (notebooks) written on the eve of the French Revolution allowed citizens to present grievances and proposals for _______.
reform
500
___________ commercial expansion overseas in the 16th century resulted in seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as trading posts and military bases.
Portuguese
500
This was the most influential religious order associated with the Counter-Reformation.
Jesuits
500
The most important political and military result of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia was the rise of ____ as a great power.
France
500
According to Adam Smith, the ________ would reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic beliefs.
"invisible hand"
500
The American Revolution played a major role in European history because it precipitated the ________ fiscal crisis that led to the calling of the Estates- General.