9.1 Personality
Outline Personality (1)
Personality is the sum of the characteristics that make a person unique
Outline Mental Toughness (1)
Mental toughness is an aspect of personality that helps explain how individuals manage challenging and pressurized situations
Outline the Need Achievement theory (NAT) (1)
NAT: explains how personality and situational factors interact to influence motivation, emotions, and behavior in sports performance.
Define Amotivation (1)
A complete lack of desire to participate in the activity
Outline Identified regulation (1)
We participate because we feel it is personally important to do so and we value the activity
Distinguish Adaptive and Maladaptive perfectionism (2)
Adaptive Perfectionism: emphasizes a focus on high standards, and not being overly concerned about making mistakes or about how others think of you
Maladaptive Perfectionism: embodies a focus on high standards, concern over making mistakes, and concern about what others think of you
Identify two possible characteristics of an athlete described as “mentally tough” (2)
Good at handling pressure
Using cope mechanisms
Confident
Mindful
Distinguish Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (2)
Intrinsic Motivation:Comes from within the person
Driven by personal satisfaction,
excitement, fun, enjoyment, growth
Extrinsic Motivation: Results from external rewards
Driven by items like money, trophies, prizes, praise, status
Distinguish between a mastery and an ego motivational climate. (2)
Mastery Climate (task climate) Positive attitude High satisfaction Low boredom Low anxiety High self-rated improvement
Performance Climate (ego climate) High levels of worry Focus on comparative ability Preoccupation with enhancing one’s social status
Describe the Cognitive Evaluation Theory (2)
Developed by Deci and Ryan to describe the lowering of intrinsic motivation by extrinsic rewards.
Stated there are two types of rewards: controlling vs informational
Explain 3 characteristics of the Big 5 Personality traits (3)
Extraversion - Characterizes a person’s sociability , assertiveness and energy levels. Higher scores are outgoing, energetic and social
Conscientiousness -Refers to a persons’ level of organization, responsibility and goal-directedness which makes the individual responsible and organized
Neuroticism - Measures the emotional stability and tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety and depression. High scores may be prone to worry, sadness and mood swings. Someone who may be easily upset or feels stressed.
Evaluate methods of measuring mental toughness (3)
Pros: Anyone can do it, easy to use. Statistically linked to provided correct/identifiable scores.
Cons: Bias - giving answers you think are wanted. Self presentation - wanting to give a good self-impression
Explain characteristics of Goal Orientation theory (3)
Measure success by winning or ranking higher than others.
Often focus on demonstrating superiority rather than effort
More likely to experience anxiety and fear of failure when faced with tough competition
Outline the three basic psychological needs. (3)
Autonomy – the need to feel as though you are in control of your life
Competence – the need to feel good at something and accomplish things
Relatedness – the need to feel a sense of belonging
Evaluate Ego orientation Success Perception (3)
Pros: Measure success by winning or ranking higher than others which is motivation to win.
Cons: Can lead to low motivation if an athlete consistently faces tough competition. Increases stress and pressure to perform
Explain the interactionist View of Personality theory (4)
Interactionism - personality is developed constantly through interactions of the person and the environment
Competencies: skills and knowledge
Encoding strategies: our particular style and schemas used in processing information
Expectancies: what we expect from our own behavior and our anticipations of our performance levels
Plans – what we intend to do
Based on evolution, we are predisposed to be very good at noticing what is wrong and holding onto our negative experiences more than positive ones. – leads to worrying, regretting etc
We also are good at remembering the past and thinking about the future – not great at being in the present Practiced through meditation: Formal- body scan, mindful movement, sitting meditation and Informal - routine activities
Suggest how may a coach motivate a task orientated individual (4)
The coach can encourage the individual to use this opportunity to self improve and develop skills. The coach can say to prioritize the experience rather than the win and to do their hardest. The coach can help the individual seek challenges to help problem solving skills for further development of skills. In general the coach can say that this game is for personal growth.
Suggest how a coach can create a performance climate for an individual with a sporting example. (4)
For basketball the coach can allow there to be a cash prize for whoever scores the most points after the game ends. This creates a performance climate to be better than others and to win that cash prize. Another way can be putting benched players at starting position in basketball by whichever benched player scores the most and has the best stats gets to a starting position.
Using examples from sport, discuss how athletes possessing different levels of the big five dimensions will behave differently. (4)
The five big dimension are different. For example, if a person was an extrovert that means they would play really well with teammates in basketball by passing to each other. Another example is for a Neuroticism personality person that they would be scared of the opposing team making their game worsen. Another example is agreeableness and that you would have good sportsmanship with the opposing team and you don't want to start problems. One final example is openness which wants to try new opportunities but this can actually be harmful if the new opportunity is worse than originally done. But it can also be good if the opportunity allows for more strategies to use in the future for the team. This person would do new strategies such as new positions and techniques that seem useful for future games.