Industrialization
Explain the significance of factory life in industrial Europe.
Factory life in industrial Europe marked a shift to mass production, urban migration, harsh labor conditions, and child labor—fueling economic growth while deepening class divisions and sparking early labor movements.
Identify the 2 main alliances in WWI & the main countries involved.
The two main alliances in WWI were the Entente (Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, later joined by the U.S.) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire). These alliances turned regional conflict into a global, industrialized war.
Explain the primary forms of land combat in World War 1.
The primary form of land combat in World War I was trench warfare, defined by static, grueling battles across fortified front lines. Combat included artillery barrages, infantry charges, barbed wire, and the deadly use of machine guns and poison gas.
Explain the significance of the global position of the U.S. following the end of WWI.
After WWI, the U.S. emerged as a leading global economic and military power. U.S. capitalism gained dominance, as war debts and European devastation worked to its advantage.
What was the typical process of production prior to industrialization?
Before industrialization, production was home-based and slow, relying on skilled artisans using hand tools. Goods were made through the domestic system, with families producing textiles and crafts in small batches.
Explain the significance of imperialism and its relation to World War 1.
Imperialism is rival empires, driven by monopolies and the need for new markets, clashing over colonial dominance. World War I was a violent redivision of the world by competing countries powers seeking profit, territorial expansion, and control.
Explain the primary forms of non-land combat in World War 1.
Primary non-land combat in World War I included naval warfare—notably submarine (U-boat) attacks and blockades—and aerial combat, such as reconnaissance flights, and dogfights between early fighter planes.
List the 4 major countries that emerged as a result of WWI and explain why.
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Finland emerged from collapsed empires after WWI, reflecting nationalist aims but inheriting instability. Soviet Russia arose from revolution in 1917, but the USSR wasn’t formally established until 1922, marking the birth of the first country ideologically opposed to global capitalism.
Explain some of the main reasons for the growth of the labor/workers rights movement during the 1800s.
Poor wages, long hours, dangerous factory conditions, and child labor led workers to organize. Industrialization exposed inequality, sparking unions, strikes, and demands for rights, safety laws, and improved working conditions.
Explain the significance of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and its relation to WWI.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered a chain reaction among entangled alliances. Though not the sole cause, it provided the spark that ignited WWI, exposing deep-rooted tensions fueled by nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and rival countries vying for dominance.
Explain the historical significance of U.S. participation in World War 1.
The U.S. joined WWI in 1917 to protect trade interests and increase its global economic reach, using German submarine attacks as justification. Its late entry helped break the stalemate in favor of the Allies. This marked the U.S.’s transition to raw imperial assertiveness on the global stage under the framing of 'spreading democracy.'
List the 4 major empires that collapsed as a result of WWI and explain why.
The Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, German, and Russian Empires collapsed due to military defeat, internal unrest, economic hardship, and nationalist movements. War strained resources, shattered authority, and sparked revolutions or forced abdications.
Describe how industrialization affected urbanization and social life in Europe.
Industrialization rapidly expanded cities as workers migrated for factory jobs, leading to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and harsh living conditions. It transformed social life by deepening class divisions, weakening rural traditions, and fostering both labor movements and capitalist consumer culture.
Explain the relationship between nationalism and the leadup to World War 1.
Nationalism intensified tensions by promoting aggressive pride in one's nation or ethnic group. It fueled imperial competition, justified militarism, and escalated conflicts—especially in the Balkans (southeastern Europe), where nationalist movements threatened empires and contributed directly to the outbreak of war.
Explain the significance of the usage of 'colonial troops' by the warring powers in World War 1.
Colonial troops, drawn from European empires in Africa, Asia, and elsewhere, were used as laborers and soldiers in WWI. Their exploitation revealed deep imperial hypocrisy (demanding loyalty while denying basic rights) and exposed global inequalities within the war effort.
Explain the historical significance of the creation of the League of Nations in relation to WWI.
The League of Nations was created after WWI to prevent future conflicts through diplomacy and collective security. It lacked enforcement power and U.S. participation, ultimately failing to stop fascist expansion in the 1930s—revealing the limits of peacekeeping in an imperialist world order.
Explain the significance of the relationship between industrialization and the leadup to World War 1.
Industrialization fueled the arms race, enabled mass production of weapons, and intensified competition for global markets. As countries expanded empires to secure resources, their rivalries deepened, making large-scale war both materially possible and economically inevitable.
Explain the historical significance that the 'Scramble for Africa' had on the myriad native populations in Africa.
The Scramble for Africa led to violent conquest, exploitation, and arbitrary borders that violated African ethnic and cultural divisions. Colonization disrupted traditional societies, extracted resources for European profit, and laid foundations for long-term political, economic, & social colonization.
Explain the relationship between imperialism and the leadup to World War 1.
Imperialism created global competition as powerful countries sought colonies for resources and markets. Conflicts over territorial control—especially in Africa, Asia, and the Balkans—heightened tensions among empires, making war a means to redivide the world for profit and resource extraction.
Explain the historical significance of the treaty of Versailles.
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended WWI in 1919, blaming and punishing Germany with reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions. It sowed resentment, economic hardship, and nationalist anger—creating conditions that helped fuel the rise of fascism and the outbreak of World War II.