Spanish Colonization
This term describes the global transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after 1492
What is the Columbian Exchange?
Unlike the Spanish, French colonizers in North America focused primarily on trade alliances and commerce involving this specific commodity.
What is fur (or beaver pelts)?
Founded in 1607, this Virginia settlement was the first permanent English colony in North America.
What is Jamestown (or the Virginia colony)?
Under this labor system, European migrants worked without wages for a fixed term of years in exchange for transatlantic passage to the colonies.
What is indentured servitude?
This 1676 armed uprising in Virginia was led by backcountry settlers against royal authority and wealthy coastal elites.
What is Bacon’s Rebellion?
This Spanish colonial system granted settlers authority over specified Native American populations to extract forced labor and tribute in exchange for Christian conversion.
What is the encomienda system?
This French explorer and founder of Quebec established early colonial networks and alliances with Native groups along the St. Lawrence River.
Who is Samuel de Champlain?
This English leader helped organize early Jamestown, trading copper and tools for food with local Pamunkey and Powhatan peoples during periods of famine.
Who is John Smith?
High European consumer demand for these two colonial cash crops drove the rapid expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1600s and 1700s
What are sugar and tobacco?
This European power developed the strongest diplomatic and trade alliances with Indigenous nations rather than prioritizing large-scale agricultural conquest
What is France (or the French Empire)?
This factor was the single largest contributor to the catastrophic demographic decline of Native American populations following European arrival.
What are European epidemic diseases (or smallpox/pathogens)?
This powerful alliance of Native nations in upstate New York maintained diplomatic autonomy by strategically trading and maneuvering between the British and French.
What is the Iroquois Confederacy (or Haudenosaunee / Six Nations)?
Unlike New England, which was settled primarily by family units, the early Chesapeake colonies were predominantly settled by this demographic group.
Who are young, single male indentured servants?
Because indigenous populations were decimated by epidemics and resistance, Spanish and English colonies increasingly imported laborers from this continent.
What is Africa?
Backcountry Virginia settlers revolted in 1676 largely because the colonial government refused to provide military support for this reason.
What is defending frontier settlers against Native American attacks (or seizing Native frontier lands)?
This 16th-century Spanish Dominican friar fiercely condemned the cruel treatment and enslavement of Indigenous peoples by Spanish colonists on islands like Hispaniola.
Who is Bartolomé de Las Casas?
This Catholic religious order was primarily responsible for converting Native Americans to Christianity throughout New France without relying on forced labor systems.
Who are the Jesuits (or Jesuit missionaries)?
This pervasive social ideology transported from England dictated that white colonial women remain subordinate to male household authority across both northern and southern colonies.
What is patriarchal authority (or female subordination / male dominance in the family)?
This European power focused primarily on extracting precious metals like gold and silver through forced labor systems in Central and South America.
What is Spain (or the Spanish Empire)?
While the some empires actively intermarried with Native populations and integrated them into colonial life, this empire generally sought to displace and segregate Native peoples from their settlements.
What is Great Britain (or the English)?
The influx of massive quantities of gold and silver extracted from the Americas accelerated this major macroeconomic transition in Western Europe.
What is the shift from feudalism to capitalism?
Spain's sudden wealth from American gold and silver triggered intense geopolitical competition, motivating rival European nations like England and France to pursue colonization in order to build national power through this economic system.
What is mercantilism?
The transition of English migrants away from rigid European class structures in North America created greater economic opportunities primarily for this group.
Who are white male migrants (or landowning freemen)?
Enslaved women in English colonial society demonstrated everyday resistance to the dehumanization of chattel bondage primarily by doing this.
What is creating their own independent family structures, marital ties, and kinship networks?
A major long-term consequence of Bacon's Rebellion was the colonial planter class's accelerated transition away from indentured servants toward this labor system.
What is racialized African chattel slavery?