Vocab #1
The reinforcement (strengthening) of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus.
Positive Reinforcement
The point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory system.
Sensory Memory
Heather noticed that whenever she used her electric can opener, her cat would come into the kitchen. The sound of the can opener has become a(n)...
Conditioned Stimulus
Devon is asked to repeat what his teacher just said in class. He says he "forgot" but in reality Devon wasn't paying attention to his teacher at all. This is an example of the _____ explanation of forgetting.
Encoding Failure
True or False: Trail and error involves thinking of trying a method, seeing if it works, and if it doesn't, trying a new method. This is repeated over and over until a solution is reached.
True
The reinforcement (strengthening) of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
A graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hours after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.
The Forgetting Curve
Stephanie developed a fear of white coats as a result of painful shots given to her by doctors dressed in white coats. Now she is also afraid of photographers in white coats. This is an example of...
Generalization
Ashley just finished her test and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the essay portion of her test. Ashley's problem is in the memory process of...
Retrieval
Which type of memory is most likely used to remember names of people whom you have just met at a social gathering?
Short-term Memory
Behavior is reinforced after a FIXED or SET amount of time has elapsed.
Fixed Interval
Type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known.
Declarative Memory
Ayden is afraid of birds. When he sees a bird in his backyard, he screams and causes the bird to fly away. Ayden's screaming behavior is an example of...
Negative Reinforcement
In the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? contestants are asked an increasingly difficult series of questions about general information. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is...
Semantic
In Classical Conditioning, behavior typically is _____, whereas with Operant Conditioning, behavior is _____.
Involuntary;Voluntary
Behavior is reinforced after a FIXED or SET number of times a behavior has occurred.
Fixed Ratio
Memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.
Retroactive Interference
A dog, whose conditioned response to a bell has been extinguished, briefly displays the conditioned response to the bell. This is an example of...
Spontaneous Recovery
Brenda knows how to tie her shoes but finds it difficult to explain to her brother how to tie his shoes - but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe tying is best characterized as a(n) _____ memory.
Implicit
What are the four requirements for learning according to the Social Learning Theory?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Behavior is reinforced after a VARIABLE or CHANGING number of times a behavior has occurred.
Variable Ratio
Loss of Memory for events that happen after periods prior to brain injury.
Retrograde Amnesia
What must be removed in order for extinction of association made between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response to occur?
Conditioned Stimulus
Nick went from the U.S., where he grew up, to England. The first week he was there, he had a terrible time remembering to drive on the left side of the road. His problem was most likely due to...
Proactive Interference
In ______, a person will learn something but will not display this learned behavior because there is no incentive to show what they have learned.
Latent Learning