DNA Replication
What is Thymine?
A pyrimidine that always pair with Adenine.
Helicase
catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between base pairs to open the double helix
DNA Synthesis
DNA synthesis is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of chromosomes.
What is the purpose of mitosis in living organisms?
To produce identical cells for growth and repair
What is mitosis?
This is the process in which a single cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
What is the leading strand?
This is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during replication
Single strand DNA binding protein (SSBPs)
stabilize single stranded DNA
Helicase
Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs, allowing replication to occur.
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is anaphase
During this phase, sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite sides of the cell.
What is Semiconservative replication?
Semiconservative replication is the method by which DNA replicates, producing new molecules that contain one original strand and one newly formed strand. This process ensures accurate transmission of genetic information to each daughter cell.
Primase
Catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA primer
Enzymes
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
What is Interphase
Before mitosis begins, this phase of the cell cycle is where the DNA is duplicated.
How can DNA be damaged?
Sunlight, X-rays, and many chemicals
Okazaki fragment
short sections of DNA formed at the time of discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during replication of DNA.
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication, using the original strand as a template. It ensures accurate DNA replication by proofreading and correcting errors as it synthesizes the new strand.
What happens if S-phase of the cell cycle does not function properly?
DNA replication errors,Loss of DNA polymerase proofreading function, Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes,Loss of p21 function, and Creation of oncogenes
What is metaphase?
This is the stage where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
What are the three components of DNA?
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar
Topoisomerase
Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces caused by opening the helix
Mutation
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can change the structure or function of the resulting protein. Mutations can occur naturally during DNA replication or be induced by environmental factors like radiation or chemicals.
A cancer that affects white blood cells are often given cytarabine. This drug inhibits the synthesis of DNA? what phase will be mostly affected?
S phase
What is telophase
This phase completes mitosis by forming two new nuclei around the separated chromosomes