DNA Structure & Replication
What type of bond holds base pairs together in the DNA double helix?
Hydrogen Bonds
This type of RNA carries the genetic message from DNA to the ribosome.
mRNA
These segments of mRNA are kept after splicing and code for proteins.
Exons
This technique separates DNA fragments by size using an electric field.
Gel electrophoresis
What are traits that are similar due to shared ancestry?
Homologous traits.
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA helix during replication?
Helicase
This RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
tRNA
Despite having the same DNA, cells express different genes. What is this called ?
Differential gene expression
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.
Restriction Enzyme
The science of naming and classifying organisms.
Taxomony
What is the sugar found in the backbone of DNA called?
Deoxyribose
Name the three sites on the ribosome that tRNAs interact with during translation.
A, P, and E sites.
This stage of gene expression occurs when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.
Transcription
What does PCR stand for, and what does it do?
Polymerase chain reaction, used to amplify DNA.
Analogous traits arise from this type of evolution.
Convergent evolution.
What are the base-pairing rules in both DNA and RNA? Include the full names of the nitrogenous bases.
Adenine–Thymine and Guanine–Cytosine in DNA.
Adenine–Uracil and Guanine–Cytosine in RNA.
The region on DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription.
Promoter
These noncoding sequences are removed from pre-mRNA before translation.
Introns
This type of cloning creates genetically identical organisms. What is it called ? Name an example of this.
Reproductive Cloning, Dolly!
This type of diagram is used to show evolutionary relationships among organisms, often branching to represent divergence from a common ancestor.
Phylogenetic tree.
This enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the growing strand and proofreads for errors.
DNA Polymerase
This post-transcriptional modification removes introns from pre-mRNA.
Splicing
What are some epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression without altering DNA sequence?
DNA methylation and histone modification?.
What is the primary purpose of whole-genome sequencing?
To determine the complete DNA sequence of an organism.
What is the correct hierarchical order of taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.