States of Consciousness
The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as
A. spontaneous neural activity
B. a fixed-interval schedule
C. a circadian rhythm
D. active consciousness
C. a circadian rhythm
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the
A. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B. dopamine reward system.
C. thyroid gland.
D. sleep spindles.
A. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?
A. Sleep apnea
B. Narcolepsy
C. Insomnia
D. The REM rebound effect
A. Sleep apnea
Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called
A. stimulants.
B. narcotic agents.
C. psychoactive drugs.
D. hallucinogens.
C. psychoactive drugs.
When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is
A. an opiate
B. an amphetamine
C. a depressant
D. a stimulant
A. an opiate
Consciousness is.....
A. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
B. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
C. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
D. our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
D. our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Alpha waves are associated with
A. REM sleep.
B. N1 sleep.
C. N2 sleep.
D. relaxed but awake state.
D. relaxed but awake state.
Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to
A. viral infections.
B. sleep apnea.
C. insomnia.
D. insomnia.
A. viral infections.
Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallucinogens?
Responses
A. The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input
B. Decreased pain sensation and decreased anxiety
C. Slower bodily functions
D. The experience of brief euphoria followed by a depressive state
A. The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input
Which of the following psychoactive drugs increases nervous system activity?
A. Cocaine
B. Alcohol
C. Marijuana
D. Heroin
A. Cocaine
Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that “much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness”?
A. dual processing
B. cerebral cortex
C. reticular formation
D. interneurons
A. dual processing
An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep in which of the following ways?
A. immediately after falling asleep
B. after the dream stage is completed
C. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages
D. soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night
C. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages
Which of the following is true of night terrors?
A. They are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence.
B. They are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis.
C. They jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness.
D. They typically occur during N3 sleep.
D. They typically occur during N3 sleep.
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
A. alcohol
B. heroin
C. nicotine
D. MDMA
C. nicotine
Pierce had surgery and was prescribed a painkiller that mimicked endorphins in his body. He experienced some intense, uncomfortable pain for a day or two after he was finished taking his medicine as prescribed. Pierce's painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as which of the following?
A. discontinuance
B. tolerance
C. withdrawal
D. forced independence
C. withdrawal
Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally’s explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?
A. Feedback deprivation
B. Wish fulfillment
C. Cognitive problem-solving
D. Activation-synthesis
D. Activation-synthesis
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
A. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.
B. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.
C. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
D. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
C. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.
A. paradoxical
B. manifest
C. delusional
D. latent
B. manifest
The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are best identified as which of the following concepts?
A. reuptake inhibitors
B. antipsychotics
C. antihistamines
D. stimulants
A. reuptake inhibitors
Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?
A. Jason will become dehydrated quickly, which could lead to overheating and death.
B. Jason will quickly experience a euphoric rush, then a significant “crash” as the drug wears off.
C. Jason will experience blissful pleasure during use but extreme discomfort during withdrawal.
D. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.
D. Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss.
Which of the following is the best evidence that humans still perceive external stimuli while sleeping?
A. EEG readings showing brain wave activity during different sleep stages
B. noise from an alarm clock will usually awaken most sleepers
C. melatonin levels change dramatically during a night of sleep
D. vivid recall of powerfully emotional dreams
B. noise from an alarm clock will usually awaken most sleepers
A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks. Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study?
A. This type of research should be done with animal subjects.
B. The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.
C. The researchers would not be able to hide the identities of the participants.
D. The researchers would be using deception without debriefing.
B. The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?
A. Sleep apnea
B. Narcolepsy
C. Insomnia
D. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
B. Narcolepsy
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of
A. heroin.
B. LSD.
C. cocaine.
D. marijuana.
C. cocaine.
What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?
A. The immune system is suppressed.
B. The brain stops producing endorphins.
C. The brain stops making dopamine.
D. The level of serotonin is permanently decreased.
B. The brain stops producing endorphins.