Threats to Validity
Correlation and differential Research
Hypothesis Testing
Major Confounding Variables
Subject and Experimenter effects
100
A confounding factor that can occur when observation procedures change during a study.
What is instrumentation?
100
The uses of an observed correlation
What is predicting future events and observing existing relationships?
100
These characterize experimental research.
What is high control and causal inferences?
100
This is a confound that is particularly relevant in studies involving children.
What is maturation?
100
Orne (1962) argues that every psychological experiment is this, which involves both the participants and the researchers.
What is the social situation?
200
Statistical, construct, external, and internal.
What are types of validity?
200
In correlational and differential research, the researcher is NOT able to use powerful procedures such as this.
What is randomly assigning participants to groups?
200
An experimental research hypothesis
What is a specific prediction?
200
When some of the top scorers on an exam don't perform as well on a second exam, this could be explained by this.
What is regression to the mean?
200
The potential biasing effect of the researcher.
What is experimenter expectancy?
300
How well a study's results support the theory behind the research.
What is construct validity?
300
In situations in which the manipulation of the independent variable is impractical, impossible, or inappropriate, we use this type of research method.
What is differential research?
300
After the initial ideas have survived your personal evaluation, this would be the next step of the research process.
What is forming the problem statement?
300
When during testing, it becomes apparent that participants in different groups are talking about the research procedure. This confound can result.
What is diffusion of treatment?
300
When participants have fairly specific expectations of an experimental treatment and act different because of those expectations.
What is the placebo effect?
400
Confounding due to procedures being used that cause differential dropout rates.
What is attrition?
400
The main goal of correlational research
What is prediction?
400
The dependent variable in the research on autistic children discussed at several points in the text.
What is disruption?
400
This is a confounding variable that can ONLY occur in within-subjects studies.
What are sequence effects?
400
Unintentional cues given to participants about how to behave to satisfy the researcher
What are demand characteristics?
500
Threats to internal validity due to______are greatest when a long time has passed between pretest and posttest measurements.
What is history?
500
When we add comparison groups in research, we add the ability to identify group differences but lose this.
What is flexibility?
500
In the relaxation research with autistic children, it was the autonomic arousal.
What is an inferred state?
500
Testing effects are most pronounced in this characteristic/measure.
What are measures of skill?
500
When participants are "on guard," and they tend to behave differently, it can result in this.
What are subject effects?
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