Oceans: Sea Level Rise
Places that are most vulnerable to sea level rise are experiencing [subsidence; uplift] and have [shallow; steep] coastlines.
subsidence; shallow
The pH of the ocean is currently [increasing; decreasing] because of [increases in temperature; increases in CO2].
decreasing; increases in CO2
Define:
Phenological mismatch, physiological response, range contraction, and range shift.
Phenological mismatch: the pattern of seasonal
lifecycle events for plants and animals no longer match timing events in nature (for example: Leaf unfolding, color change, Bird migration, Amphibian chorusing, Appearance/emergence of butterflies); refers to an
asynchronous shift in the timing of when
food and habitat are available
Physiological response: species can change their appearance or their physical traits to adapt to a changing climate (becoming smaller over time to shed heat more quickly)
range contraction: the total area suitable for a species' habitat shrinks due to climate change, shrinkage in the total extent of a species
range shift: if a species is mobile enough, it can move to a new location. The area may shift (but stay the same size)
New York was on the edge of an ice sheet during the last ice age. So, you can infer that New York is currently experiencing [uplift; subsidence], which is [increasing; decreasing] the local effects of sea level rise.
subsidence; increasing
Coral bleaching occurs because [they are evolving to reflect more sunlight; colorful algae are expelled]. This occurs in response to [ocean acidification; ocean heating].
colorful algae are expelled; ocean heating
As temperatures rise, marine biomass is expected to [increase; decrease] in the tropics, [increase; decrease] at high latitudes, and [increase; decrease] globally.
What is the difference between absolute sea level and relative sea level?
Absolute: refers to the height of the ocean
surface relative to a fixed, unmoving reference point
(e.g. the center of the Earth )
Relative: both absolute rise AND the movement of the land (uplifting or sinking)
Anomalously warm sea surface temperatures in the central Pacific are characteristic of a(n) [El Niño; La Niña; neutral] phase of ENSO. This pattern is associated with trade winds that are [stronger than; weaker than; the same as] normal.
El Niño; weaker than
For most insects, warmer temperatures will lead to a range [shift; contraction; expansion].
expansion
The rate of global sea level rise is currently [constant; increasing; decreasing] primarily because of [thermal expansion of seawater; melting of glaciers and ice sheets; changes in land water storage].
increasing; melting of glaciers and ice sheets
It is very likely that ENSO rainfall variability will [stay the same; decrease; increase] as the climate warms.
increase
Suppose a bird species has advanced its migration date by 4 days because of warming, but its two primary sources of nectar have advanced their first flowering dates by 8 days. This is an example of [range contraction; phenological mismatch; evolution].
phenological mismatch
If Greenland's ice sheet collapses, Miami's sea level rise will be [more than; less than; the same as] if West Antarctica's ice sheet collapses. This is because of [gravitational changes; glacial isostatic adjustment; changes in ocean circulation].
less than; gravitational changes. Why?
Ice sheets attract water because of their gravitational pull! As their mass decreases, they have less gravitational pull. This makes water
move away. The local sea level goes down. Higher than average rise on the other side of the Earth. Day 23, slide 11-13 figures.
Some organisms in the tropics are especially vulnerable because of [limitations in range shifts; phenological mismatch; they are not used to temperature extremes]. Some organisms at high latitudes are especially vulnerable because of [limitations in range shifts; phenological mismatch; they are not used to temperature extremes].
they are not used to temperature extremes; limitations in range shifts