Motivation
According to Lewin’s motivational conflict theory, approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has which of the following aspects?
(A) Only a strong negative aspect
(B) Only a mildly negative aspect
(C) Only a strong positive aspect
(D) Both positive and negative aspects
(D) Both positive and negative aspects
Dr. Yankovic is interested in whether humans display more anger on their faces when they are alone or with others. Subjects were told that the purpose of the experiment was to evaluate different personality traits using a personality inventory. However, the true purpose of the study was to expose subjects to a frustrating situation in which the personality inventory they are filling out keeps restarting and their information does not save. Subjects’ faces are closely monitored in the alone condition and in the with others condition to see whether subjects display more anger when alone or with others. Which ethical guideline does Dr. Yankovic need to follow at the conclusion of the study?
(A) Informed consent
(B) Debriefing
(C) Reveal the names of the individual subjects
(D) Make sure the sample of the subjects is representative of the population.
(B) Debriefing
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is best described by which of the following?
(A) Universality of facial expressions across cultures
(B) Vast differences in facial expressions between males and females
(C) Ease with which people can learn to change their facial expressions under differing circumstances
(D) Way children’s facial expressions differ from adults’
(A) Universality of facial expressions across cultures
Stressful situations are often explained differently by different individuals. An impending deadline at work may motivate one employee, while that same deadline would create debilitating stress for another employee. Which psychological perspective best supports the view that stress is related to how people believe the stressor impacts their daily life?
(A) Humanistic
(B) Behavioral
(C) Psychodynamic
(D) Cognitive
(D) Cognitive
Dr. Reinhardt is interested in how to build resiliency among employees who work in large manufacturing plants so that they are less likely to miss work because of illness. Dr. Reinhardt’s research could best be classified as which of the following areas of psychology?
(A) Behavioral
(B) Positive
(C) Social
(D) Evolutionary
(B) Positive
Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam’s parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on which of the following?
(A) instincts
(B) drives
(C) extrinsic motivation
(D) intrinsic motivation
(C) extrinsic motivation
Dr. Robles conducted a study to investigate the influence of emotion on problem-solving ability. She randomly assigned 100 participants to two groups of 50. One group was shown a series of 15 highly emotional video clips and then categorized a list of 60 words using 10 different concepts. The other group categorized the list of words using the 10 concepts without watching any video clips. Dr. Robles calculated each participant’s score based on categorizing words under the correct concepts. The more words participants categorized correctly, the higher their score. What is the operational definition of the dependent variable in this study?
(A) The exposure to 15 highly emotional video clips
(B) The group that categorized the list of words without watching any video clips
(C) The score given for accurately categorizing words under the concepts
(D) The 100 participants being randomly assigned to two groups of 50
(C) The score given for accurately categorizing words under the concepts
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
(A) Most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period.
(B) Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
(C) Most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation.
(D) Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry.
(B) Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
Susanna is experiencing a period of stress. Which of the following are the stages in the general adaptation syndrome that would predict her response to stress?
(A) Appraisal, stress response, coping
(B) Shock, anger, self-control
(C) Anxiety, fighting, adapting
(D) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
(D) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Markum is taking a class on positive psychology. His instructor encourages class members to recognize, reflect on, and appreciate the moments in their lives when they have had positive feelings or have been influenced in ways that had positive outcomes. Which of the following terms best corresponds to what Markum’s instructor is trying to help them feel?
(A) Self-efficacy
(B) Locus of control
(C) Gratitude
(D) Eustress
(C) Gratitude
Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?
(A) Opponent-process
(B) Homeostasis
(C) Incentive
(D) Natural selection
(B) Homeostasis
Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier.
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark’s mood?
(A) The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him.
(B) Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.
(C) Mark helped several passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was.
(D) Mark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during the flight.
(B) Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of
(A) facial expressions
(B) body language
(C) linguistic structures
(D) biological symmetry
(A) facial expressions
Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in the general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?
(A) Resistance
(B) Exhaustion
(C) Alarm
(D) Pressure
(A) Resistance
Which of the following may explain why some people experience growth after a traumatic experience?
(A) Some people are genetically predisposed to interpret stress as eustress instead of distress.
(B) Some cultures may encourage people to interpret stress as a challenge rather than an obstacle.
(C) Some people have evolved to interpret trauma as opportunities for growth.
(D) Some people will comply with authority figures who demand they view trauma as a growth opportunity.
(B) Some cultures may encourage people to interpret stress as a challenge rather than an obstacle.
The drive-reduction theory of motivation can be used to account for which of the following?
(A) The tendency to affiliate with others in order to enhance the likelihood of survival
(B) The desire to achieve self-actualization
(C) The need to sleep after a period of sleep deprivation
(D) The desire to go skydiving or engage in other behaviors that produce an adrenaline rush
(C) The need to sleep after a period of sleep deprivation
While walking home, Leo saw his girlfriend hugging someone. His heart began to race, he began to sweat, and he felt tears in his eyes beginning to form. In response to those physical reactions, Leo thought, “I am feeling sad.” As he got closer to them, Leo recognized the person his girlfriend had been hugging as her brother. As his heart continued to pound, Leo felt happiness and he thought, “She still loves me.” Which of the following concepts best explains Leo’s interpretation of his physical responses in this scenario?
(A) The facial-feedback hypothesis
(B) Parasympathetic nervous system activity
(C) Display rules
(D) Cognitive appraisal
(D) Cognitive appraisal
Ken had a very challenging interaction with one of his closest friends in which hurtful words were exchanged. After considering possible solutions, Ken decided that while it might be uncomfortable at first, the best solution was to confront his friend directly to discuss what happened and work toward a solution. Which of the following approaches to alleviating a stressful situation is most consistent with Ken’s strategy?
(A) Problem-focused coping
(B) Emotion-focused coping
(C) An approach-approach conflict
(D) An external locus of control
(A) Problem-focused coping
Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping?
(A) Jasmine decides it is pointless studying, because she thinks her teacher is unfair.
(B) Jasmine decides to put off going to a party until she studies for two hours.
(C) Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress.
(D) Jasmine sets aside an hour each night to study for her exam and goes to the instructor’s extra study session.
(C) Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress.
Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome known as
(A) alarm
(B) reaction
(C) exhaustion
(D) resistance
(C) exhaustion
Sawyer is talking to her friend Maya about how nervous she is for an upcoming test. Maya tells Sawyer that it is good to be nervous for the test. She explains that as long as her nervousness is not debilitating, it will help her perform well. Maya’s explanation is most consistent with which of the following concepts?
(A) instinct theory
(B) Yerkes-Dodson law
(C) drive-reduction theory
(D) incentive theory
(B) Yerkes-Dodson law
It is well established that certain autonomic responses such as heart rate, perspiration, and respiration change under stress. In view of the fact that people generally have stronger autonomic responses when lying than when telling the truth, it follows that the polygraph would be a foolproof approach to lie detection. Which statement best explains why the polygraph is not more widely used in courtrooms and in testing of job applicants?
(A) Most people can avoid detection when they lie.
(B) Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions.
(C) A significant number of people show paradoxical autonomic reactions, responding more strongly when telling the truth than when lying.
(D) In controlled studies, the polygraph has correctly identified guilty individuals in only a small percentage of cases.
(B) Physiological arousal is much the same for several emotions, so the polygraph cannot always reliably distinguish guilt from other reactions.
Angelica is touring colleges to determine where she will continue her education. Most of the campuses offered a tour with college students showing the high school students around various locations on the campus, including dorms and academic buildings. However, the last campus she visited had fun activities that sparked positive emotions in Angelica, rather than offering a tour. She decided on this final school because it would be a place where she could continue to grow as a person as well as increase academics. Which of the following might explain Angelica’s final choice?
(A) Self-efficacy theory
(B) Drive reduction theory
(C) The broaden and build theory
(D) Cognitive dissonance theory
(C) The broaden and build theory
Which of the following best describes a situation where an individual’s perceptions influence their experience of stress?
(A) Rutger experiences the physical and emotional symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder.
(B) Jamie interprets experiences like getting stuck in traffic or her phone battery getting low as bothersome daily hassles.
(C) Bane learned that women experience stress differently than men.
(D) Micah copes with stress by focusing on how to manage their emotional reactions.
(B) Jamie interprets experiences like getting stuck in traffic or her phone battery getting low as bothersome daily hassles.
Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be
(A) learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her
(B) going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out
(C) feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her
(D) waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away
(B) going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out