Columbus/Exlorations
Intercultural Relations
Settlements
Religion
Chapter Vocab/Bolded Words
100
Columbus landed on what present-day country and in what year?
El Salvador, 1492
100
Describe the Conquistadores Encomienda system.
Feudalism granting the first Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests.
100
Briefly describe the colonization of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (Was it successful on the first try? Who was the Governor? Who migrated first, and why?)
The Dorchester puritans obtained a royal grant to settle the Mass. Bay area, and even though it was organized as any other commercial venture, the puritans were determined to make it a way of obtaining religious freedom. The early settlements struggled; trying to establish a new society in a firing land was more difficult than they thought. Yet, there was a constant stream of people, due to the persecution by the Anglican Church. The company elected John Winthrop, who served the community for 20 years, preaching the core messages of the puritans.
100
What was the requerimiento, and what did it state?
Before entering a new area, the conquistadores customarily read this document to the inhabitants. It recited the history if the human race and called on the Indians to recognize the sovereignty of the Spanish monarch. If this demand was rejected, the Spanish murdered entire populations and drove them from their lands.
100
Define Antinomianism, and what it is referred to in this chapter.
Translates to "against the law"; refers to Anne Hutchinson Heretic belief in direct revelation.
200
When Columbus made his first original voyage (that would result in him landing in the Americas), where was his original destination and for what purpose?
The Indies and Asia for purposes of trade
200
What sorts of diseases did the Europeans bring to the Americas (name 3), and how did it effect the Native populations?
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, diphtheria, influenza, malaria, yellow fever, and typhoid; when the diseases first struck Indian communities, they lacked the requisite biological defenses, so many Indian villages were completely wiped out.
200
Why was Virginia/ Jamestown a difficult place to colonize?
The colonists established themselves in a mosquito-infested swamp (because it seemed to be easily defended), and proceeded to not grow any crops because they planted too late in the season. Their leaders were not concerned with the challenges the people faced, and most of the colonists had no labor experience whatsoever. Without food and the imminent threat of disease, the people of Jamestown and surrounding areas suffered, and many died.
200
Name two factors contributing to the protestant reformation?
(1). the sale of indulgences (2). Luxurious lifestyle of the popes (3). The corruption in the papal election process (wealthy families bought their way into the papacy) (4). The charismatic leadership and influence of Luther and Calvin.
200
Define Joint stock companies, and explain how they were involved in the development of the Colonies.
Ancestors of the modern corporation; enabled groups of investors to pool their capital and limit their individual responsibilities to the sums actually invested. They often invested in expeditions to the new world and claimed land that came from the explorers they sponsored.
300
Explain the treaty of Tordesillas. Who created it? What did it state?
The treaty that was created by Pope Alexander VI that divided land between Portugal and Spain. Portugal would keep control over Africa, and Spain would receive all that was known of the new world, excluding Brazil.
300
Explain the idea of the Columbian Exchange. Who did it favor? Why?
The idea that the Natives and the Early Colonies would trade knowledge concerning plants and animals? It favored the Colonists, because European plants and animals had disrupted the Indian ecosystem
300
True or False: the Plymouth Colony was settled in the boundaries set forth by the London company, and the separatists were faithful to the laws set forth by the Company. (Defend your answer)
The Plymouth colony was intended to settle a small distance north of the Virginia Company, but because the colonists were sick and tired of the harsh traveling conditions, they settled where they first landed- Cape Cod Bay. Since they were not technically on the land chartered to them by the London Company, the colonists on the Mayflower decided they had the freedom to construct their own government- this, in turn, led to the creation of the Mayflower Compact.
300
Define Predestination, and explain why the puritans believed it.
The Puritans reading of the book of genesis convinced them that all human beings were properly damned by Adam’s original sin and that what they did on earth had no effect on their chances of entering heaven (belief that your eternal fate is decided when a person is created is Predestination)
300
Define Arminianism in terms of puritan/Anglican belief.
The opposite of predestination; the belief that good works could earn them admission into Heaven
400
Who finally granted Columbus the resources to go off on his first voyage? What was the agreement between the two? (4 things)
Queen Isabella of Spain, who Columbus persuaded to (1). Fund his Expeditions (2). Grant Columbus the title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea (3). Gave him political control over all the lands he might discover, and (4). 10% of the profits of the trade that would follow in his expeditions
400
Summarize the Pequot War (Who, What, Where, Why)
WHO- the Pequot Indians vs. Mass., Connecticut, and Plymouth. WHERE- southeastern Connecticut. WHY- the Natives were concerned with the rising population numbers in the New England area. WHAT: the New England armies attacked a Pequot village, and ended up setting fire to the settlement, killing nearly all 400 inhabitants.
400
What does it mean to rule proprietarily? Was Maryland a proprietary colony? What was one thing Lord Baltimore wanted to establish Maryland as?
(1). The term proprietary relates to property or ownership; one that possesses, owns, or holds exclusive right to something specific. (2). Maryland was one of the first Proprietary colonies; Lord Baltimore had the right to establish feudal manors, hold people in serfdom, make laws, and set up his own courts. (3). Since he was catholic, he wanted Maryland to become a haven for Catholics everywhere.
400
Who was Roger Williams? What were some of his beliefs?
Williams was an extreme separatist that was elected minister of the church of Salem in 1635. His opposition to the alliance of church and state turned everyone against him. He also believed it was a sin to take land from the Indians without paying for it. Williams was deported from Massachusetts in January of 1636.
400
What was the Mayflower Compact? Who was it signed by?
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It set up a rough government structure that would give everyone the same rights as they would have in England. It was signed by only the men on the ship.
500
Say where the following explorers sailed or what they discovered: Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Vasco da Gama, Ponce de Leon, Ferdinand Magellan (Crew), Hernando de Soto, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Francis Drake, Henry Hudson.
Christopher Columbus- The Americas/El Salvador; John Cabot-East Coast of North America; Vasco da Gama- sailed around Africa to India; Ponce de Leon- explores Florida; Ferdinand Magellan (Crew) - circumnavigated the globe; Hernando de Soto- explored Mississippi River Valley; Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- explored southwest; Francis Drake- explored coast of California; Henry Hudson- discovered Hudson River.
500
What was Metacom’s view of the New Englanders? What did he start? What was this event called?
(1). he concluded that the only way to resist the English was to drive them out by force of arms. (2). started an uprising, which began a series of revolts and attacks on New England settlements, yet the colonists fought back and ended up annihilating Metacom and the other Wampanoags. (3). this is now referred to as " King Philip's War".
500
What was the government structure that was originally planned for the Carolinas? What did it create? Was it successful?
Fundamental Constitutions- created hereditary nobility and provided for huge paper land grants to a hierarchy headed by the proprietors; support for the system was to be supplied by peasants. It did not succeed because when people received grants for land, they couldn’t find enough workers to help work the land and supply the necessary labor force.
500
Who was Anne Hutchinson, and what did she profess?
Hutchinson was a “visible saint” who was an extreme believer in predestination. She suggested that those in possession of God’s grace were exempt from the rules of good behavior. She also stated that she was a regular recipient of personal divine revelation from God.
500
Who were the puritans?
The puritans were separatists that wanted to “purify” the Church of England. They also thought that the protestant reformation was taking too long, and still had too much catholic influence. They left the persecution of the Anglican Church and eventually settled Massachusetts Bay colony. They believed in a harsh way of self-discipline and predestination.
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