Cells and Organelles
Name one example of a type of cell without a nucleus
red blood cells
Are viruses alive?
Name which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophilic and hydrophobic
hydrophilic heads
hydrophobic tails
A solute dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. The solute is present in a smaller quantity than the solvent.
A solvent is a substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
four valence electrons
What are the three components of cell theory?
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function.
Cells come from preexisting cells.
Name the four types of viruses
Helical
Polyhedral
Spherical
Complex
What is the passive transport of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
diffusion
Define hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution
An isotonic solution has the same concentration of solutes compared to another solution
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration compared to another solution
Define hydrolysis
Hydrolysis reactions involve the addition of a water molecule to break down a large molecule
Name three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
- no membrane bound organelles
- no mitochondria
- nucleoid region
- no proteins in chromosomes
- 70S ribosomes
Eukaryotes
- membrane bound organelles
- mitochondria
- nucleus
- DNA with histones
- 80S ribosomes
Name two features all viruses share
DNA or RNA as genetic material
All viruses have a protein coat
What is a phospholipid made of?
Two fatty acid chains and a phosphate are bonded to a glycerol molecule
What is the passive movement of water molecules from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution through a partially permeable membrane?
osmosis
What makes up a triglyceride?
one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
Name and define least 5 processes of life
Homeostasis - the maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range
Metabolism - the complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions occurring in living organisms
Nutrition - the processes that organisms use to obtain and use food (nutrients) for growth and development
Movement - the changing of the position of the organism
Excretion - the removal of metabolic waste
Growth - the increase in mass or size of an organism
Response to stimuli - the ability of organisms to respond to internal or external stimuli
Reproduction - the production of offspring
Name and define the three different types of stem cells
Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into all types of cells or develop into an embryo
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into all types of cells, but not develop into an embryo
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cells
What is the movement of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration using protein pumps and ATP energy ?
active transport
What is the bursting of an animal cell in a hypotonic solution called?
The bursting of an animal cell is known as cytolysis
Name two differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Triglycerides with saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more carbon carbon double bonds
What four features do all cells share?
A phospholipid plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA as the genetic material
Ribosomes for protein synthesis
When does crossing over occur in Meiosis?
Prophase I
What is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins?
Integral proteins are permanently attached to the plasma membrane, and penetrate into the center of the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins are temporarily attached to one side of the membrane
They are attached to the membrane surface or to integral proteins, through electrostatic interactions. The charged peripheral proteins are attracted to the charged sections of the integral proteins and phosphate heads.
What is it called when the plasma membrane and cytoplasm shrink and detach from the cell wall when a plant cell is put in a hypertonic solution?
plasmolysis
What are the four interactions of the tertiary structure of proteins?
Ionic bonds between charged R groups - amine and carboxyl groups in R-groups can become positively or negatively charged by binding or dissociation of hydrogen ions, allowing the formation of ionic bonds
Covalent bonds forming between R groups, including disulfide bonds
Hydrogen bonding between R groups
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of R groups, as proteins found in organisms are surrounded by water