Units 1-2
The precise spot where something is according to a system. The most widely used system is the global grid lines known as latitude and longitude.
What is absolute location?
Review: relative location
These are the beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change. Like all cultures, they demonstrate the diverse ways that people have adapted to a physical environment.
What is folk culture?
Review: Globalization, popular culture, global culture
In this type of subsistence farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. When the soil loses fertility, they move to another field. Unlike crop rotation, in which farmers change the crops that are grown within a field, this involves using new fields.
What is shifting cultivation?
Review: Plantation agriculture, mixed crop and livestock farming, grain farming, commercial gardening, market gardening, dairy farming, transhumance, etc.
The permanently inhabited portion of the earth's surface - what the classical Greeks referred to as this - is a variety of community types with a range of population densities.
What is the ecumene?
Review: rural, urban, suburbs, urbanization, metropolitan areas, etc.
Starting in the 18th century, a series of technological advances known as this resulted in more complex machinery driven by water or steam power that could make products faster and at lower costs than could cottage industries.
What is the Industrial Revolution?
This is the inverse relationship between distance and connection. A clear illustration of this concept is the weakening of a radio signal as it travels across space away from a radio tower.
What is distance decay?
Review: Time-space compression
The neighborhood or subregional scale of the cultural landscape might include these clusters of people of the same culture. Examples would include "Chinatown" in San Francisco or "Little Mogadishu," a Somali neighborhood in Minneapolis.
What are ethnic enclaves?
This type of rural settlement pattern is organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route. These settlements along a river were common before industrialization because of the need for fresh water to irrigate crops.
What is linear settlement?
Review: clustered (nucleated) settlements, dispersed settlements, metes and bounds, township and range, long-lot system.
What is 20 million people?
Review: megalopolis, boomburbs, edge cities, sprawl, etc.
This term, the potential of a job to produce additional jobs, can be exemplified when an automaker expands a plant and adds 100 new jobs in a community, the new workers will have more money to spend on food, clothes, and movies, leading to the expansion of other businesses and jobs.
What is the multiplier effect?
This is a region united by one or more traits. The following are examples of this region; political, such as Brazil in South America; physical, such as the Sahara, a vast desert in northern Africa; cultural, such as southwestern Nigeria, an area where most people speak Yoruba.
What is a formal region (uniform region or homogeneous region)?
Review: Formal, functional (nodal), perceptual (vernacular)
A relatively new universalizing monotheistic faith, this religion was founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region that crosses the border of India and Pakistan during the 16th century. The faith stresses serving others, honesty, hard work, and generosity rather than rituals.
What is Sikhism?
Review: Ethnic Religions: Hinduism and Judaism Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism.
The Columbian Exchange was a global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. Give three examples of things that were "traded" by each hemisphere.
Western Hemisphere: potatoes, corn, chocolate, beans, casava, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, squash, tobacco, tomatoes, turkeys.
Easter Hemisphere: bananas, olives, onions, rice, sugarcane, wheat, cattle, pigs, goats, horses, smallpox, malaria, measles.
In 1933, Walter Christaller, a German geographer, proposed the central place theory to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region. the model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain the distribution of settlements.
Define the terms threshold and range in relation to Christaller's Central Place Theory.
Threshold: the population size necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable.
Range: the distance that people are willing to travel to obtain specific goods or services.
List the three main economic sectors and the two additional sectors of the U.S. economy. Then, give an example of each.
Primary: extracting natural resources from the earth (farming, fishing, mining, forestry, agriculture, etc.)
Secondary: making products from natural resources (manufacturing, building)
Tertiary: providing information and services to people (retail sales, medicine, housekeeping)
Quaternary: managing and processing information (financial analyst, software developer, data science)
Quinary: creating information and making high-level decisions (research, top managers in corporations or government)
In 2019, the United States had a population of approximately 328,239,523 in a total area of 3,841,999 square miles. If you were to divide the US total population by the total area of land, you would calculate this.
What is the arithmetic population density?
Review: Physiological population density and agricultural population density.
The Bab el-Mandeb ("Gate of Tears") strait is one of these which connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden north of the Horn of Africa. It is vital to the flow of goods and traffic and has garnered international attention by nations attempting to control the area.
The advances in plant biology of the mid-20th century are known as the Green Revolution. This man, considered the "Father of the Green Revolution," laid the foundation for scientifically increasing the food supply to meet the demands of an ever-increasing global population. His development of higher-yield, more disease-resistant, and faster-growing varieties of grain are his most important contribution to the revolution.
Who was Dr. Norman Borlaug?
Review: First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution (birth of agriculture), Second Agricultural Revolution (mechanization of agriculture), and Third Agricultural Revolution (science, research, and technology).
In the 1930s, economist Homer Hoyt developed the sector model, also called the Hoyt's Model. While Burgess (Burgess Concentric Zone Model) used land-use rings that grew outward from the CBD, Hoyt described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city's history. Each grew outward as the city expanded, creating wedges, or sectors of land use, rather than rings.
Describe a limitation of Hoyt's Sector Model.
Answers will vary but may include:
One limitation of the Hoyt Sector Model is that the model is based around an outdated rail transportation system. The model does not take into consideration the greater dependence on private transportation like the automobile. With the growth of suburbs and improved private transportation in the United States during the 1950s, the Galactic City model became a stronger representation of cities that incorporated highways, such as what was seen in Detroit, Michigan.
Review: Burgess Concentric Zone Model, Hoyt Sector Model, Multiple-Nuclei Model, Galactic City Model, African City Model, Latin America Model, Southeast Asia City Model.
In Weber's Least Cost Theory Model, the German economist Alfred Weber sought to explain the key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories. Weber proposed that factory owners would build their factories where they could minimize their total costs by balancing three factors: minimizing transportation costs, minimizing labor costs, and maximizing agglomeration economies.
Explain the degree to which bulk-reducing or bulk-gaining industries alter the location of factories within Weber's Locational Triangle.
Answers will vary but should demonstrate an understanding that it is to a "high degree" and offer an explanation to their claim.
Describe TWO pull factors that might cause someone to migrate to the United States.
Answers will vary but may include: civil rights, economic opportunities, religious freedom, free speech, freedom of expression, etc.
Define the concept Territorial Seas as used in UNCLOS.
Territorial Seas as used in UNCLOS (The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea) is the area that extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commercial vessels may pass, but noncommercial vessels may be challenged.
Review: Contiguous zone (24 nautical miles can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation) Exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles can extract minerals and manage resources) High seas (water beyond an country's EEZ that is open to all states).
The von Thunen model, an economic model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market (community) where they sold their goods, is the state of location theory (why people choose certain locations for various types of economic activity). According to the von Thunen model, these are the order of the four concentric rings which extended from the market.
1. Horticulture (market gardening and dairy farming).
2. Forest.
3. Grain.
4. Livestock (grazing).
When was 1968?
List the fives stages of Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth and explain a characteristic of each stage.
1. Traditional Society: depends on primary sector, uses limited tech., carries out local or regional trading, limited socioeconomic mobility.
2. Preconditions to Take-Off: improves infrastructure, improves farming techniques and shifts towards commercial agriculture, exports agricultural and raw materials, starts individual socioeconomic mobility.
3. Take-Off: Develops major tech. innovations, starts industrialization and primary sector shrinks, spreads entrepreneurial mentality, begins to urbanize, initiates self-sustaining growth.
4. Drive to Maturity: Creates new industries while strengthening existing ones, improves energy, transportation, and comm. systems, sees economic growth greater than pop. growth, invests in social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.)
5. High Mass Consumption: Spends money on nonessential goods, purchases of high order goods become common, desires to create a more egalitarian society, supports a strong tertiary sector.