Unit 4 - Fundamental Political Concepts
Define the term sovereignty
Exercise of power of the state without interference from outside bodies
Define the term "Gerrymandering"
Dividing a geographic area into voting districts giving unfair advantage to one political party in elections
Define "Supranational Organization" and provide an example of one
Defined: Three or more states form an organization to achieve benefits for all members
Examples
- Economic: MERCOSUR
- Military: NATO
- Political: UNASUR
- Combination: European Union
Define the term GDP
Gross Domestic Product: Total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year
Personal Consumption + Business Investment + Government Spending + [Exports - Imports]
Define the term "Ecotourism"
Tourism based in natural environments threatened by looming industrialization or development; frequently helps protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population
Define the two terms:
Nation
State
Nation: Group of people with - shared cultural heritage, loyalty, homeland, desire to form state
State: Political unit with - population, sovereignty, recognition
Define and provide an example for the two terms below:
1. Natural Boundary
2. Geometric Boundary
1. Natural: Boundary where a feature of the natural landscape is followed (Pyrenes, many more)
2. Geometric: Boundary (often a straight line) drawn without regard for physical or cultural features (most of US-Canada, many in Africa, and many more)
Differentiate the terms Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force with a definition and example.
Centripetal: Factor that unites people (shared things, common enemy, etc.)
Centrifugal: Factor that divides people (different things, class divisions, etc.)
Define the term HDI, and explain the factors that make up this development metric.
Define the following two terms:
1. Complementary Advantage
2. Comparative Advantage
1. Complementary: When two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
2. Comparative: Ability of a country, firm, or individual to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers
Define the term "Territoriality," and provide a real world example of this phenomenon
Defined: Connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land, Gives people a desire for ownership over a defined space, Willingness of one person or a group of people to defend space they claim
Example: Russia with Ukrainian territory, US with Panama canal, and many others
Identify what the Great Wall of China is today using at least 3 AP HUG vocabulary related to borders.
Natural: Physical features based (defensible lines)
Relic: No longer separates empires/countries/tribes
Subsequent: Built after development of Chinese and Steppe nomadic cultures to separate the two
Open: Was militarized, but now a tourist destination
Define the term "Balkanization," and explain the roots of this political term.
Defined: Fragmentation of a state or region into smaller units along ethno-linguistic lines
Roots: Called as such as a famous case of Balkanization happened in the Balkans (SE Europe) with the fragmentation of Yugoslavia after the Cold War
Where did the industrial revolution start, and why did it spread from this hearth?
Where: Manchester, England
Why: Spread of markets (transpo tech) and demand for raw materials for economic growth.
Explain Neoliberalism by:
1. Defining the term Neoliberalism
2. Explaining one neoliberal policy
3. Explaining one effect of neoliberal policy
Defined: Political ideology prioritizing private sector over government to deliver goods/services to citizens
Policies: Privatization, deregulation (elimination of subsidies/tariffs), establishment of free trade zones, and more.
Effects: Austerity, Global Wealth Increased, Global wealth inequality increased, and many more.
1. Defining the term
2. Explaining their importance to political studies
3. Identifying at least one choke point.
1. Definition: Point of natural congestion along two wider and important navigable passages
2. Importance: Friction points for world powers (who controls/disrupts these key geographic areas control/disrupt the world)
3. Identify: Straits of Malacca, Suez Canal, Straits of Hormuz, Cape of Good Hope, and many more.
Explain the Schengen Borders Agreement by:
1. Defining the term
2. Explaining one positive effect of this policy
3. Explaining one negative effect of this policy
Defined: 26 European countries that have abolished passports and any other kind of border control at their common borders
Pros: Ease of trade and movement of peoples, economic stimulation
Cons: Security concerns, every border of Schengen countries is important to secure for all member nations.
Explain the differences between unitary and federal systems of government by providing a definition and example for each
Unitary: Power centrally concentrated, top-down decision making, Little or no provincial authority, Policies applied uniformly throughout the territory (France, China, and many more)
Federal: Power is shared, giving much authority to individual provinces and local governments, Provides mechanism for allowing regions to perpetuate their individual character (US, Germany, and more)
Explain one challenge for women in achieving economic equality, and one solution currently implemented to help alleviate this gendered economic disparity
Challenge: Educational disparity, cultural preconceptions (place in the home, child bearer), work valuation (glass ceiling), many more.
Solution: Micro-Loans, maternal worker's protection, education availability, and more.
Explain Wallenstein's World Theory Model by:
1. Stating the worlds in the model
2. Explaining an example where the model has worked
3. Explaining an example where the model has not worked
1. Core, periphery, semi-periphery
2. Neo-imperialistic core/semi-periphery countries have used their influence to fix countries into certain worlds (France in West Africa, China in SE Asia)
3. Many countries have changed worlds, most famously India (resource extraction under British Empire, budding manufacturing/trade hub)
Define and differentiate the three stages of colonialism by:
1. Stating the three stages of colonialism used in AP HUG
2. Stating which areas of the world were involved in each stage of colonialism.
3. Explain how imperial policy manifested itself during each state of colonialism.
Early: Spanish/Portuguese; created systems focused on resource extraction (rare-earth minerals for money) in the new world
Late: British/French/German; Scramble for Africa (national security, markets and resource extraction for businesses)
Neo: Many choices (US/French/China); belt-and-road, West-Africa, economic (markets and resource extraction for businesses)
Many different correct answers for manifestation part
Explain how EEZs work, and how this law causes geopolitical friction (use a specific example)
EEZ: Exclusive economic zone, states have exclusive control over all resources of economic value within 200 miles of their shorelines.
Geopolitical Friction: From where do you measure a nation's shoreline (Canada)? What about nations that are within 200 miles of each other (Turkey and Greece, median-line law?)? What about countries that claim random rocks (China - South China Sea)?
Explain the term devolution by:
1. Providing a definition
2. Explaining a factor that can lead to devolution
3. Providing a specific example of devolution
1. Defined: Transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level.
2. Physical Geography, Ethnic Separatism, Ethnic Cleansing, Terrorism, Economic and Social Problems
3. So many (Quebec, any revolution, and many more)
Draw a diagram explaining the five economic sectors that include the following:
1. Names of each sector
2. Role of each sector
3. Job example for each sector
4. Wealth generation level of each sector
Primary: Resource extraction, miner, very low wealth
Secondary: Manufacturing, oil refiner, low wealth
Tertiary: Sale of product, coffee shop worker, medium wealth
Quaternary: Data Analysis/Generator, Social Media Consultant, High wealth
Quinary: Decision maker, CEO, Very high wealth
Explain Rostow's Stages of Growth Model by:
1. Stating the stages of the model
2. Explaining the inspiration for the model
3. Evaluating the limitations of the model
1. Stages: Traditional Society, Preconditions to Take-Off, Take-off, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption
2. Historical Evidence: Supposes all countries go through a growth process similar to the UK (agrarian extractive-based economies to urban service-based economies)
3. Limitations: National, not global in approach. Discounts many cultural factors. And more.