This or that
presents clinically with proximal muscle weakness, brittle nails, cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
3 types of severity of lymphedema
pitting, brawny, weeping
Contact dermatitis
Acute or chronic skin inflammation caused by exposure to chemical, mechanical, or physical agents
Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2
1: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
2:Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Beta cells of pancreas are destroyed and no insulin is produced
Type 1
Symmetric swelling from hips to ankles but feet not affected
Lipidema
Grades of pitting edema
•1+ = Indentation barely detectable
•2+ = Slight indentation visible when skin is depressed, returns to normal in 15 seconds
•3+ = Deeper indentation occurs when pressed and returns to normal within 30 seconds
•4+ = Indentation lasts for more than 30 seconds
Impetigo: what is it and how is it spread?
Superficial skin infection caused by staph or strep infection
direct contact
Hyperparathyroidism
vs
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Can be caused by tumor, low calcium levels or chronic renal failure
Results in calcium being released from bones with subsequent weakness and fractures, kidney stones, hypercalcemia, arrythmias
Hypoparathyroidism
Leads to low blood calcium levels
Causes muscle cramping and twitching
used to monitor how well patient is controlling their diabetes over the past 2-3 months
Glycated hemoglobin (HA1C)
common etiology of influenza B in children and strep or staph in adults
Cellulitis
S&S of Lymphedema
•Pitting or non-pitting edema
•Heaviness
•Pain
•Decreased ROM
•Paresthesia
•Loss of function
•Tissue fibrosis
Basal cell carcinoma
vs
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal:
Slow growing skin tumor in epithelium
Most common but least dangerous as rarely causes metastasis
Squamous:
2nd most common skin cancer in Caucasians, typically at the head and neck
Hyperpituitarism
vs
Hypopituitarism
Hyperpituitarism causes gigantism (before puberty) and acromegaly (after puberty)
Excessive bone growth
Can cause arthritis and bone pain
Hypopituitarism causes dwarfism
Common test to check for gestational diabetes
Oral glucose tolerance test
Most common but least dangerous as it does not metastasis
Basal cell carcinoma
•Special Test: Stemmer Sign
Positive sign – skin on dorsum of toes or fingers cannot be pinched or is difficult to pinch
Types of burns
Superficial Burns
Partial thickness burns (superficial and deep)
Full thickness burns
Cushing’s Syndrome
vs
Addison’s Disease
Cushing’s Syndrome – excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Addison’s Disease – adrenal hypofunction
Purpose of exercise for type 2
increases sensitivity of insulin and decreases need for insulin
A: involves epidermis and upper layer of dermis
B: involves only epidermis
C: involves all of epidermis and dermis
D: involves epidermis and most of dermis
A: partial thickness burn-superficial
B: superficial burns
C: full thickness burns
D: partial thickness burn-deep
•Primary (Idiopathic) lymphedema
vs
•Secondary (Acquired) lymphedema
Primary: Inherited and uncommon. Includes congenital lymphedema – appears before age 2 due to lymphatic obstruction
Secondary: Most common and occurs after surgeries including mastectomy, radiation, trauma, lymphatic obstruction or lymphatic filariasis (parasitic disease)
Name and describe 2 types of grafts
•Autograft - From a person’s own skin (taken from unburned areas)
•Homograft/ allograft - Taken from the same species, usually cadaver skin, typically a temporary graft if the patient cannot do an autograft at the time
•Heterograft/ xenograft - From another species, often pig, this graft is temporary as well until there is enough autograft
•Split-thickness- ½ thickness of skin, thinner, better adherence, can reharvest in 10-14 days (which means another graft can be taken from that same site in 10-14 days)
•Full-thickness - Epidermis and dermis, not sub Q layer, has better cosmetic result
•Mesh - If limited graft is available, then incisions are made in the graft (mesh appearance) to expand it. New tissue will grow between the mesh openings.
Discuss Charcot foot
Develops when blood glucose levels remain elevated
Causes bones to soften and calcaneus and tarsals to collapse
Treatment
•Total contact casting boots
•Modified cast walking boots
•NWB
•AD
Hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia
Hyper: severe fatigue, extreme thirst, blurry vision, ketoacidosis, decreased tolerance to activity
Hypo: lethargy, irritability, shaking, extremity weakness, loss of consciousness, may not tolerate therapy until levels increased