Unit 6
Name and describe 3 stages of carcinogenesis
Initiation: exposure, activates oncogenes
Promotion: cell proliferation, resembles benign tumor that can either progress or regress
Progression: changes to malignant tumor
List the grades of pitting edema
1+: indentation barely detectable
2+: slight indentation, returns in 15 seconds
3+: deeper indentation, returns in 30 seconds
4+: indentation lasts more than 30 seconds
Chronic inflammatory skin disease presenting as scaly patches caused by genetics, allergies, stress
vs
Acute or chronic skin inflammation caused by exposure to irritant
Atopic dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
Increased T3 and T4. Clinically presents with tachycardia, hypotension, heat intolerance resulting in decreased exercise tolerance
Hyperthyroidism
Name/describe 2 of the vasodilators
Nitrates: increase coronary blood flow, can cause hypotension
Calcium antagonists: decrease contractility and decrease BP
ACE inhibitors: inhibit vasoconstriction, decrease BP
List 2 pulmonary, CNS and skeletal metastases symptoms
P: chronic cough, dyspnea, fecal breath odor, constant pleural pain, onset of wheezing
CNS: confusion, memory changes, depression, irritability, drowsy, blurred vision, HA, balance and weakness
S: significant pain relief with ASA, pain with WBing, pain at night, prior history of CA
Short term with little to no fibrotic changes
Hard to make indent, fibrotic changes seen
Most severe and long duration, fluid leaks from sores
Pitting edema
Brawny edema
Weeping edema
Clinically presents as patches of skin that are red and painful with borders hot to touch. Rapidly spreads as acute inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Cellulitis
Increased TSH, decreased T3 and T4. Clinically presents with proximal muscle weakness, bradycardia, cold intolerance and results in activity intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Inflammation of pericardium presenting with chest pain worsened by lying supine, SOB, weakness and peripheral edema
Pericarditis
Describe grading for CA and list stages of CA
0: precancerous
1: localized
2: invaded to nearby organs and tissues
3: spread to distant lymph nodes
4: metastasized to distant organs
Acute bacterial infection of the peripheral lymph nodes, caused by skin infection through wound in skin
Lymphangitis
Malignancy of vascular tissue that shows as a skin disorder. caused by herpes virus and common in patients with AIDS
Kaposi's sarcoma
May be caused by tumor or chronic renal failure. leads to hypercalcemia which can cause muscle weakness
vs
Low blood calcium levels which can cause muscle cramping and twitching, thin hair and brittle nails
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
2 S&S of L sided CHF and R sided CHF
L: pulmonary edema, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, frequent dry hacking cough and fatigue, exercise intolerance
R: peripheral edema, distended jugular veins, enlarged liver and spleen, ascites, weight gain and cyanosis of nail beds
Can result from cancer treatment requiring PT interventions of intermittent compression pump, manual lymphatic drainage and compression wraps
Lymphedema
Symmetric swelling from hips to ankles, caused by deposits of subcutaneous adipose tissue. can improve by treating hormonal disturbance
Lipidema
Describe the 4 stages of pressure injuries
1: nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
2: partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis, viable wound bed with intact or ruptured blister potentially
3: full thickness skin loss where adipose tissue present, undermining and tunneling may occur
4: full thickness skin and tissue loss, exposed muscle, fascia, bone. epibole, undermining and tunneling often occur
Medical emergency presenting with high fever, severe tachycardia, restlessness, mood swings, altered mental status and eventually coma
Thyroid storm: caused by large amount of thyroid hormone being released
Caused by bacteria from an infection elsewhere in the body such as infected tooth, UTI, resp. tract infection
Endocarditis
Full thickness skin and tissue loss but obscured by eschar and slough
Unstageable pressure injury
3 S&S of hypo and hyperglycemia
Hypo: shaking, tachycardia, sweating, dizziness, anxious, hunger, impaired vision, weakness/fatigue, headache and irritable
Hyper: extreme thirst, need to urinate often, dry skin, hungry, blurry vision, drowsy, slow healing wounds
Name the defects of tetralogy of Fallot
narrowing of pulmonary valve, thickening of wall of R ventricle, displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect and ventricular septal defect