Origin of Cells
What gas was not present in prebiotic Earth's atmosphere?
oxygen
What is the differences in traits between individuals?
variation
Whose theory of evolution replaced Lamarck's?
Darwin
What is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases at cells and tissues through the process of diffusion?
gas exchange
What are the three types of muscle?
cardiac
skeletal (striated)
smooth
4.6 billion years old
What is the science of classifying organisms?
taxonomy
What are the three pieces of evidence for evolution?
DNA, RNA and protein sequences.
Homologous structures.
Selective breeding.
Where does gas exchange happen in humans?
the alveoli of the lungs
What is the hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to the build of cholesterol, triglycerides and other substances on artery walls?
Atherosclerosis
Where is LUCA thought to have originated?
hydrothermal vents
How do we name all organisms?
(describe the correct format)
binomial nomenclature
genus then species
whole name italicized, first letter of the first word is capitalized
What are homologous structures? How do they occur? Give an example
Homologous structures are similar in structure, but may have different functions. Homologous structures are present in organisms that have descended from a common ancestor as a result of evolution.
Example: pentadactyl limbs
Name at least three adaptations of gas exchange systems
large surface area
very thin tissue layers
permeable membranes
concentration gradient for diffusing gases
exchange surfaces are covered in a layer of moisture
Name three adaptations of capillaries that allow for exchange of materials
large surface area
narrow lumen
thin walls
What did Oparin and Haldane propose?
Oparin and Haldane proposed that the energy available from ultraviolet light and higher temperatures (as well as lightning and volcanic activity) on the prebiotic Earth allowed the spontaneous generation of organic compounds.
Over time the organic molecules became more complex, eventually leading to self-replicating structures and to the first cells.
Define the biological species concept
A species is a group of organisms capable of reproducing with each other to produce fertile offspring.
What are analogous structures? How do they occur? Give an example
Analogous structures have a common function, but do not have a common structure.
Analogous structures evolve by convergent evolution.
Example: wings of birds, bats, and insects
What shape are Type II Pneumocytes and what are their function?
cuboid-shaped
release surfactant by exocytosis
Differentiate between the wall size and lumen size of arteries and veins
arteries have a thick wall and narrow lumen
veins have a thin wall and a wide lumen
What gases did Miller and Urey use to simulate the atmosphere of prebiotic Earth?
The gases methane, ammonia, and hydrogen along with water vapor represented the prebiotic atmosphere.
Who proposed a classification system based on morphology (physical traits)?
Carolus Linnaeus
Define and give two examples of sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation occurs when a population divides into different species while inhabiting the same habitat. There is no geographical isolation.
behavioral isolation
temporal isolation
Describe what happens during inspiration, including the diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, volume, and pressure.
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
external intercostal muscles contract so ribcage moves up and out
volume increases in thorax, decreasing pressure
air enters
Name the four heart valves
right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve
right semilunar valve or pulmonary valve
left atrioventricular valve or mitral valve
left semilunar valve or aortic valve