Main Story Line
What is the main topic of the article by Laws, Attwood, and Treffers-Daller (2021)?
(A) Exploring how learners unlearn the boundary-crossing constraint and acquire motion event construal through Processing Instruction (PI)
(B) Discovering how second language learners can better overcome cross-cultural boundaries
(A)
The study explores how learners unlearn the boundary-crossing constraint and acquire motion event construal through Processing Instruction (PI).
What is the main teaching method evaluated in this study?
(A) Processing Input
(B) Structured Input
(C) Cartoon-based narrative tasks
(A) Processing Instruction (PI)
A teaching method (VanPatten and Cadiero 1993) that focuses on helping learners correctly process input and link form and meaning, rather than focusing on output or explicit grammar rules.
What does Processing Instruction (PI) aim to improve in learners?
(A) Helping learners correctly process linguistic input to match the forms and meanings of the target language
(B) Helping learners accurately process SLA instructions to ensure greater learning efficiency
(A)
It helps learners correctly process linguistic input to match the forms and meanings of the target language.
How does a learner’s L1 influence their learning of motion events in L2?
(A) It has minimal impact on motion event construal.
(B) It shapes how they encode motion events based on L1 linguistic patterns.
(C) It causes them to adopt the L2 motion event construal immediately.
(B)
It shapes how they encode motion events based on L1 linguistic patterns.
Which of the following is a V-framed language?
(A)Mandarin
(B)English
(C)Japanese
(C)
A language that encodes the path of motion in the main verb.
Which existing theories was the experiment in the study mainly drawn upon?
(A) Processing Instruction (VanPatten and Cadiero 1993)/ (VanPatten 2004)
(B) Comprehensible input (Krashen)
(C) Communicative competence (Hymes)
(A)
P.6
How many experimental groups were the experiment participants allocated to?
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 3
(C)
Input- only (IG) / Input+output (IOG) / Explicit Instruction
Which of the following suits the definition below?
Focuses on the processing of input (understanding and mapping meaning to form) rather than on explicit teaching of grammar rules or output-focused tasks
(A) PI
(B) IOP
(C) EI
(A)
PI focuses on the processing of input (understanding and mapping meaning to form) rather than on explicit teaching of grammar rules or output-focused tasks.
How would a native speaker of English (a satellite-framed language) typically encode a motion event, such as “walking into a room”?
(A) By emphasizing the path and manner of the motion separately.
(B) By using only the manner, ignoring the path.
(C) By combining both path and manner in one verb.
(A)
By emphasizing the path and manner of the motion separately (e.g., “walk into the room”).
Which of the following categories does Mandarin belong to?
(A) V-framed language
(B) S-framed language
(C) H-framed language
(B)
A Satellite- framed language encodes manner in the main verb, while the path is expressed through satellites (e.g., prepositions).
What target category of L1 language learners is the study mainly focused on?
(A) V-framed language
(B) S-framed language
(C) D-framed language
(A)
The challenge for learners with verb-framed first languages is that they need to unlearn the boundary crossing constraint and conflate manner and motion in the main verb.
What do the word IPT and DPT in the article stands for?
(A) Immediate Post-Test and Delayed Post-Test
(B) Irregular Post-Test and Denied Post-Test
(C) Intermediate Pre-Test and Deleted Post-Test
(A)
Pre-test / Immediate Post- test / Delayed Post- test are the three time intervals for the experiment conducted in the article
Why is Processing Instruction considered particularly helpful for overcoming the boundary-crossing constraint?
(A) Helps learners focus on how motion events are encoded in the target language and trains them to recognize the differences between how their L1 and L2 handle boundary-crossing events
(B) Helps learners overcome cross-cultural boundaries to authentically engage in the target language environment
(A)
PI helps learners focus on how motion events are encoded in the target language and trains them to recognize the differences between how their L1 and L2 handle boundary-crossing events.
What challenges might a native speaker of Japanese face when learning to describe motion events in English?
(A) They might omit the manner of motion and focus on the path or destination.
(B) They may focus only on the manner, omitting the path.
(C) They may have difficulty finding English equivalents for Japanese verbs.
(A)
They might omit the manner of motion and focus on the path or destination.
What does (PI) stand for?
(A) Processing Instruction
(B) Productivity Instruction
(C) Proficient Instruction
(A)
A teaching method (VanPatten and Cadiero 1993) that focuses on helping learners correctly process input and link form and meaning, rather than focusing on output or explicit grammar rules.
Which experimental group's result stood out the most in the end?
(A) IG
(B) IOG
(C) EI
(A)
p.24
Results provide convincing evidence that input- only instructional techniques, as advocated by the PI approach, are more effective in training L2 leaners of English to unlearn the boundary- crossing constraint than a combination of input and output procedures, compared with a group who received explicit instruction but no structured activities.
What is the range of scores for the IG and IOG groups according to CEFR?
(A) A1- B2
(B) B1- C1
(C) A2- C2
(C)
P.12
What is being emphasized and designed in Processing Instruction (PI) to guide learners away from default strategies?
(A) PI
(B) SI
(C) EI
(B)
PI aims at enhancing learner intake extracted from the input through a series of structured input (SI) activities designed to guide learners away from default strategies
How can cross-linguistic research, such as the findings from Laws, Attwood, & Treffers-Daller (2021), inform second language teaching methods?
(A) It suggests avoiding comparisons between L1 and L2 motion event structures.
(B) It encourages raising awareness of L1 patterns to aid in understanding L2 structures.
(C) It shows that motion events are universally understood and require no specific focus.
(B)
It encourages raising awareness of L1 patterns to aid in understanding L2 structures.
Which term does the following definition illustrate?
The difficulty learners from one language background (especially verb-framed languages) have in expressing motion events that involve crossing a boundary (like entering or exiting), as the way their L1 encodes motion events differs from L2.
(A) Cross-cultural miscommunication
(B) Boundary-crossing constraint
(C) Linguistic Variation
(B)
The boundary-crossing constraint is the difficulty learners from one language background (especially verb-framed languages) have in expressing motion events that involve crossing a boundary (like entering or exiting), as the way their L1 encodes motion events differs from L2.
Which L1 group in the experiment participants benefited the most after training packages were administered?
(A) S-framed
(B) V-framed
(C) E-framed
(B)
p.26
Progress can be made with instruction that recognizes underlying cross- linguistic influences and that gives learners input- oriented activities structured in a way that guides them away from their default settings and encourages retreat from transfer- induced undergeneralizaton
What instruction was specifically given to the experiment participants to help concentrate on the target findings of the experiment?
(A) Write short stories based on the sequence of events focusing as much as possible on the action
(B) Pay attention to transitioning words
(C) Try to use their native language to describe things they can't express in English
(A) p.14
All participants were asked to write a short story based on the sequence of events by focusing as much as possible on the action rather than physical descriptions of the characters and environment
What kind of activities contain a large number of target structures, rather than indicating whether these are right or wrong, learners provide opinions or beliefs about the real world through guided tasks?
(A) EI
(B) Referential SI
(C) Affective SI
(C)
Affective SI activities contain a large number of target structures, rather than indicating whether these are right or wrong, learners provide opinions or beliefs about the real world through guided tasks
How does Chinese, as a mixed-framed language, handle motion events, and why might this provide an advantage when learning either verb-framed or satellite-framed languages?
(A) Chinese combines manner and path flexibly, aiding adaptation to both language types.
(B) Chinese relies only on path-focused verbs, aligning it with verb-framed languages.
(C) Chinese uses only manner-focused verbs, aiding satellite-framed language acquisition.
(A)
Chinese combines manner and path flexibly, aiding adaptation to both language types.
Which term does the following definition illustrate?
"The way how languages encode and express movement events, particularly the distinction between manner and path."
(A) Motion event Construal
(B) Cross-boundary constraint
(C) Processing Input
(A)
Motion event construal refers to how languages encode and express motion events, particularly the distinction between manner and path. It is important because differences in how L1 and L2 construe motion events can lead to learning challenges.