Who Am I?
"The Mother of Anesthesia." She had flawless record of over 14,000 cases with zero anesthesia-related deaths providing the undeniable safety data used to defend the profession.
Who is Alice Magaw?
Primitive phrase used to describe early anesthesia when it was considered a dirty, dangerous chore handed off to medical students and nurses before professionals revolutionized it.
What is "The Rag and Bottle" ?
Year Agatha Hodgins and Dr. George Crile officially opened the Lakeside Hospital School of Anesthesia in Cleveland, Ohio, establishing one of the first formal training programs.
When was 1915?
Canadian-born nurse who advanced nitrous oxide techniques, co-founded the Lakeside School of Anesthesia, led the Lakeside Unit in WWI, and founded NANA in 1931.
Who is Agatha Hodgins?
Famous military medical unit (Base Hospital No. 4) organized by Crile and Hodgins that deployed to Rouen, France, becoming a global anesthesia training hub during WWI. What am I?
What is the Lakeside Unit ?
Monumental dual-year marked both the United States' entry into World War I and the landmark Frank v. South legal victory protecting the nurse anesthesia scope of practice.
When was 1917?
World-renowned shock surgeon and ally who fiercely defended nurse anesthetists, calling their utilization "one of the most beneficial movements" in surgery.
Who is Dr. George W. Crile?
Advanced, machine-driven anesthesia technique championed by Hodgins during WWI because I was vastly safer for trauma patients in deep shock than harsh ether or chloroform.
What is Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen anesthesia?
Year Agatha Hodgins used her post-WWI momentum and national network to officially found the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists (NANA).
When was 1931 ?
Heroic WWI nurse anesthetist who administered anesthesia under brutal trench conditions, pouring ether directly onto her fingers in total darkness to gauge the dose.
Who is Sophie Gran Winton?
Early 20th-century legal doctrine that made the surgeon the absolute boss of the OR, which allowed powerful surgeons to shield and protect their nurse anesthetists from hostile medical boards.
What is the "Capitan of the Ship" doctrine?
Year the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) launched its flagship journal, Anesthesiology, born directly out of political friction and an intentional mandate to exclude nurse anesthetists.
When was 1940?
Primary physician antagonist of the "Great Turf War" who aggressively organized medical societies to legally eliminate nurse anesthetists, claiming they were practicing medicine without a license.
Who is Dr. Francis McMechan?
Flagship journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, launched in 1940 directly out of political friction and an intentional mandate to exclude nurse anesthetists.
What is the Journal Anesthesiology ?
This was the monumental year when the absolute strongest, most resilient nurse anesthesia cohort from York College was officially assembled, carrying the unstoppable clinical power of 19 strong.
What is 2026?