Study Design
what type of study design was this?
Systematic review
what types of studies were included in the systematic overview?
Observational studies (Cohort)
How many studies showed significant association between UPF consumption and Alzheimer's disease?
what does UPF stand for?
Ultra-processed foods
How many studies were included?
5
To be included, study participants had to be free of what two conditions at the start of the monitoring period
Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia
One study found that daily intake of a specific type of drink was associated with Alzheimer’s, while regular sugary drinks were not. What type of drink?
artificially sweetened soft drinks
what is the name of the four-group classification system used to identify foods by their degree of processing?
NOVA classification system
Why were cohort studies appropriate for this paper? (Think about the nature of Alzheimer's)
Alzheimer's is a prolonged disease; cohorts allow for long-term studies.
Studies were excludes from this review if they focused on what?
non-Alzheimer’s dementias
what specific gene, which regulates cellular aging and stress response, may have its functionality compromised by the high fat and sugar in UPFs?
SIRT1
UPFs are characterized by being high in these four nutritional components while being low in fiber and vitamins.
total fat, saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium
This acronym represents the international guidelines used to report the methodology of this systematic review.
PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)
While many studies used Food Frequency Questionnaires, researchers noted that there may be a better tool to capture the degree of food processing. What is this tool?
24 hour diet recall
Carriers of what specific genetic allele were found to have a six times higher risk of Alzheimer’s when consuming processed meats
APOE4 allele
UPFs account for more than half of the total dietary energy consumed in these three developed countries.
USA, UK, and Canada
To manage the 9,152 unique records identified in the initial search, the reviewers used this specific software tool to remove duplicates and independently screen titles and abstracts.
Rayyan
The age range for participants across the studies was what?
37-73
Replacing just 10% of UPF weight in a diet with minimally processed foods was associated with this percentage lower risk of Alzheimer’s.
17%
Beyond nutrition, UPFs may harm the brain through contamination from what materials?
Packaging materials