Physical Examination
This is considered the normal color of freshly voided urine.
What is yellow (straw to amber)?
The glucose reagent pad uses this enzymatic method.
What is the glucose oxidase-peroxidase reaction?
These are the largest cells normally seen in urine sediment.
What are squamous epithelial cells?
This crystal has an envelope appearance.
What is calcium oxalate (dihydrate)?
This cast is composed primarily of Tamm-Horsfall protein.
What is a hyaline cast?
This physical characteristic is caused primarily by suspended cells, crystals, bacteria, or mucus.
What is turbidity (clarity)?
The leukocyte esterase pad detects this enzyme released from white blood cells.
What is leukocyte esterase?
These cells swell in dilute urine and may lyse, producing "ghost cells."
What are red blood cells?
These "coffin lid" crystals are commonly found in alkaline urine.
What are triple phosphate crystals?
These casts are strongly associated with glomerulonephritis.
What are RBC casts?
A urine specimen with a specific gravity of 1.010 is often referred to by this term.
What is isosthenuria?
This dipstick test detects albumin.
What is the protein?
This artifact is often mistaken for RBCs but demonstrates budding.
What is yeast?
These yellow to reddish-brown rhomboids are commonly found in acidic urine.
What are uric acid crystals?
These casts indicate inflammation or infection within the kidney.
What are WBC casts?
This instrument measures urine specific gravity by determining the refractive index.
What is a refractometer?
The specific gravity reagent pad is based on this chemical principle.
What is a double indicator system?
These cells indicate possible tubular injury when found in increased numbers.
What are rental tubular epithelial cells (RTE)?
These hexagonal crystals are associated with an inherited amino acid disorder.
What are cystine crystals?
These casts contain lipid droplets that exhibit a characteristic "Maltese cross" appearance under polarized light and are commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome.
What are fatty casts?
A patient has dark yellow urine, high specific gravity, and elevated ketones. These physical findings suggest this condition.
What is dehydration?
Name the methodology for the following reagent pads:
Nitrite
Bilirubin
Ketones
Nitrite: Griess reaction
Bilirubin: Diazo reaction
Ketones: Sodium nitroprusside reaction
Microscopic findings in this infection include positive leukoctye esterase and positive nitrite.
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
These crystals are colorless and rectangular with notched corners.
What are cholesterol crystals?
A patient presents with fever, flank pain, and a positive urine culture. Microscopic examination reveals numerous white blood cells and this type of cast, indicating renal involvement rather than a lower urinary tract infection.
What are white blood cell (WBC) casts?