1
What are the three main waste products of the urinary system?
The urinary bladder stores up to how much urine?
Urea, Uric Acid, and Creatine
1000mL/1 Liter
True or False: The renal capsule is a thin layer of dense connective tissue that helps maintain the kidney’s shape and prevents the spread of infection.
True or False: The adipose capsule is made up of perirenal fat and the renal fascia.
True or False: Pararenal fat lies inside the renal fascia, mostly anterior to it.
True
True
False (it lies external and mostly posterior)
What part of the kidneys is a tube like structure that transports urine from kidneys to bladder and what is the tube like structure that transports urine from bladder to outside of the body?
What is the temporary storage reservoir for urine?
Paired Ureters and Urethra
The urinary bladder
Cortex and the Medulla.
True or False the Kidneys extend from the level of the 10th thoracic vertebrae to the 3rd cervical vertebrae.
False they extend from the 11th/12th thoracic vertebrae to the 3rd lumbar vertebrae.
What are the MAIN structural and functional units of the kidney?
What are they lined with?
What is the BASIC structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Uriniferous tubules
They are lined with a simple epithelium
Nephron
The kidney has how many lobes?
What contains the renal vessels and nerves, some fat, and the urine carrying tubes called the renal calices and renal pelvis?
5-11 lobes.
The Renal Sinus
The right kidney is crowded by the liver and lies slightly ______ to the left kidney.
______ is a vertical cleft located on the medial surface where renal blood vessels, ureters, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave the kidney.
Inferior
Renal Hilus
What is the function of a collecting duct?
What are the main components of a uriniferous tubules nephron?
Concentrating urine by removing water from it.
Its nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule.
Uriniferous tubules produce urine though three interacting mechanisms. What are they?
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.
What is the purpose of the renal corpuscle?
To extract the renal filtrate from blood. NOTE: It is not yet to be called urine
What is the glomerulus, where is it located, and how does it differ from other capillary beds in the body?
The glomerulus is a tiny, convoluted capillary network located between the afferent and efferent arterioles. It is contained within Bowman's (glomerular) capsule. Unlike other capillary beds, it is both fed and drained by arterioles.
______ is the superficial cortex region is light in color and has a granular appearance.
______ is deep to the cortex is the darker renal medulla, which consists of cone-shaped masses called medullary pyramids or renal pyramids.
Cortex
Medulla
What is is the pathway that urine takes from the kidneys to exit the body?
Renal papillae → Minor calyx → Major calyx → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra → Outside of body
What are the main components of the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule.
What type of cells make up the proximal tubule, and what special structures do they have to help with their function?
The proximal tubule is composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria, which help with reabsorbing water and solutes from the filtrate and secreting substances into it.
What are the two categories nephrons are divided into?
What are the blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems
branch from the renal artery and feed the glomerular capillaries?
Cortical Nephrons (85% of nephrons) and Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15% of nephrons).
Afferent Arterioles
True or False Afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than the efferent arterioles.
What arteriole carries the concentrated blood away from the glomerulus and to the peritubular capillaries?
True
Efferent Arteriole
______ is the network of low pressure and porous capillaries that surround lie in the interstitial C.T. of the renal cortex
reabsorb some of the nutrients and plasma that were extracted in the Bowman's capsule
Peritubular Capillaries
Where is the loop of Henle located in the kidney?
What is the main function of the loop of Henle?
he loop of Henle is confined entirely to the renal cortex.
Reabsorb water and ions from the urine.
What is one of the main functions of the collecting duct system?
At the apex of the pyramid, adjacent collecting tubules join to form ______.
Concentrates urine…ADH hormone increases permeability of the collecting tubules and distal tubules to water.
Papillary Ducts
______ are hairpin looping vessels that descend into the medulla, running alongside the loops of Henle.
What are the muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Vasa Recta
Ureters
What is the difference between the internal and external urethral sphincters?
Which muscle acts as a voluntary urethral sphincter?
The internal urethral sphincter is an involuntary sphincter located at the bladder-urethra junction, while the external urethral sphincter is a voluntary sphincter that surrounds the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
Levator ani muscle
What is micturition, and which muscles are primarily responsible for this process?
Micturition is the act of emptying the bladder (urination). It is caused by the contraction of the bladder’s detrusor muscle, assisted by the muscles of the abdominal wall.
What are the three basic layers of the ureter wall, and what type of epithelium is found in its mucosa?
How do the ureters actively move urine toward the bladder?
The three layers are the mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia. The mucosa contains transitional epithelium.
Ureters actively propel urine to the bladder through smooth muscle contractions triggered by stretching of the ureter walls.