Anatomy
Where in the kidney are most of the nephrons found?
Cortex
What does blood in the urine indicate?
Renal calculi in the ureter(s).
When vasoconstriction doesn't help and GFR becomes quite low, the rennin enzyme is activated in what pathway?
The Renin-Angiotensin II pathway.
Where does filtration take place in the nephron?
Renal corpuscle-glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
What is the most common measure of kidney function?
GFR: glomerular filtration rate
What type of epithelial tissue allows the bladder to stretch without rupturing?
Transitional epithelium
What does a frothy urine indicate?
Protein in the urine or renal failure.
What pituitary hormone adjusts the final concentration of urine in the collecting tubule?
Antidiuretic Hormone
Where does osmosis mainly occurs in the nephron?
PCT
How many Liters of filtrate pass into the kidneys each day? How much fluid is reabsorbed and how much is urine?
180 L filtered
-178 L reabsorbed
________________
2L urine
What are the two circular muscles in the urethra that control micturition?
Internal sphincter-involuntary
External sphincter-voluntary
What do leukocytes in the urine indicate?
UTI-urinary tract infection
What adrenal hormone acts on the DCT to control blood pressure?
Aldosterone
What 3 ways do electrolytes enter the body?
Food
Fluids
Chemical reactions
Where does tubular secretion of ions such as H+ mainly happen?
PCT and DCT
What muscle expands the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
When abnormal amounts of sugar are found in the urine, what does that indicate?
Diabetes mellitus
Which kidney hormone, when oxygen is low, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
What 3 ways do electrolytes leave the body?
Urine
Feces
Sweat
What are the two blood pathways that surround the nephron?
peritubular capillaries on top and vasa recta below
What is the pathway for urine?
Kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
What is the basic composition of urine?
Water (95%)
Nitrogen wastes-urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Electrolytes- salt, ions
Which hormone is responsible for the excretion of too much calcium (and phosphorus) from the capillaries in the kidneys?
Calcitonin
How do fluids move in the body?
Blood plasma to interstitial fluid to cells, special body fluids or lymph vessels
How does the blood to be filtered enter and leave the nephron?
Afferent arteriole to glomerulus to efferent artery to peritubular capillaries and vasa recta